Chemistry and Society Essay

Chemistry is a vast quantity of a person’s everyday life. A person can find chemistry in his or her daily life in the foods that a person eats, air a person breathes, soap, and accurately everything a person comes in contact with. Chemistry is significant in everyday life because chemicals make up everything in life. For example, a person’s body, pet, a desk, the sun, food, and drugs a person may take, to name a few. A person can observe changes in chemistry caused by chemical reactions, such as leaves changing colors, cooking food, and mixing a cleaning product. Knowing chemistry can help a person make day-to-day choices that affect his or her life. For example, if a person should mix certain household chemicals together. Accuracy is the magnitude in which a certain measurement agrees with the standard worth for that measurement (Dictionary, 2011). Precision is how close the measured standards are to each other (Math is fun, 2011). Society depends on accuracy and precision in everyday life. These two relationships are often substituted freely, but both have crucial differences. Businesses entail both accurate and precise measurements to stay in business. Accuracy states that something is constant with an identified rate, whereas precision is the volume of detail something delivers. Society depends on accuracy and precision in many places. One instance is the gas pumps. The gas pump can show accuracy when the gas is flowing, but this is not a precise measurement of how much gas is pumping through the pumps. Gas pumps must not only know how much gas is pumping through the pumps but also how precise the measurement of gas pumped. The gas companies need to know how much is pumped so that the company can charge the right amount for the gas. Sometimes in everyday life a person does not want to be precise. For example, if someone stops and asks for directions to the nearest gas station a person may say that the next gas station is about 10 minutes down the road. Providing directions to someone is a way a person can give accurate information. Another example is, when measuring a room in the house to paint and needing to know how much paint to provide. A person can either measure and provide a precise measurement or provide an accurate measurement on the room to paint. Another precision and accuracy a person may use in every day is how long it takes his or her child to finish the homework. An accurate answer is 20 minutes, but the precise answer would be 20 minutes and 20 seconds. Time is an excellent way to be accurate or precise. References Dictionary.com. (2011). Accuracy. Retrieved November 3, 2011 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/accuracy Math is fun. (2011). Accuracy and Precision. Retrieved November 3, 2011 from http://www.mathsisfun.com/accuracy-precision.html

King’s attitude towards slavery Essay

Reconciliation struck King as divinely just, and he recommended the same practice for the United States. He suggested that this was the only moral and practical way to bring the Negro’s stand-ups to a realistic level. Reconciliation in the form of compensation was such a good idea in King’s mind because the practice would support the freedom of the human personality and lead to a just society. He also believed that it would make freedom real and substantial for the black people. He never believed that the mere absence of desegregated public accommodations would fully free the human personality and establish a just society. Although many whites were against him, he began to emphasize his belief that real and substantial freedom as well as the mandates of the just society, require not desegregated public facilities but also the economic goods that would allow blacks to use such facilities. King equated freeing the blacks and leaving them just like that to giving a pair of shoes to a man who has not learned to walk. His point was that freedom from desegregation requires the material goods to enjoy freedom from integration. King’s own response to the Johnson administration was to post for state atonement for the Disadvantaged. In King’s view, just as the state properly compensated World War II veterans for the time they spent away from their home, jobs, so too should it compensate blacks for their years of enslavement. He argued that only a few people considered the fact that in addition to being enslaved for two centuries, the Negro was during all those years, robbed of wages of his toil. He believed that no amount of gold could provide adequate compensation for the psychological turmoil caused by slavery, but that a price could be placed upon unpaid wages. King’s extra marital affairs It is clear that King did a lot of good deeds, most of which were based on pure ethical standards. However, there are some ethical challenges that were hard for him, and the most common is the sexual relationships with many women. Two years after King married his wife Coretta, he began his work in the civil rights movement. He left his young wife and baby to pursue endeavors that would take him far from home, putting aside his wife, and while he was home, he spent a lot of time on the phone. His friends who were worried of what these extramarital affairs would do to his reputation cautioned him about the importance of avoiding the appearance of wrongdoing. They also cautioned him that due to his prominence, he would become the target of those seeking to discredit him. He was also warmed that women could become his downfall if he failed to resist this temptation. King failed to take these warnings. By the time he won the Nobel Peace Price of 1964, his relations with women outside his marriage were far from secret. Wiley Branton, a close associate of King approached him about the subject when he was unable to ignore the rumors. He told king that colleagues had expressed concern over his behavior and were worried that he was going to get hurt, but King was unresponsive. The topic again came up with another friend, and this time King responded that because he was away from home the majority of each month, sex served as a way to reduce his anxiety. King’s attitude towards money While king had a hard time resisting sexual temptation, the temptation to profit from his fame was by no means a temptation for him. He had never bee influenced by the prospect of making money. In fact, while in college he had developed an opposition to his father’s concern with money. His lack of desire for material possessions increased after he visited India. Even his wife sensed a change in him. She said that this growing selflessness had led to his increasingly dismissive attitude toward his clothing and appearance, which up until then he had taken pride in. Since his college years at the Morehouse, King had enjoyed nice clothing. His selflessness also affected the financial status of SCLC. When he won the Nobel Peace Prize, he donated the price money to the group, despite the objection of his wife. She wanted to put some of the money aside for college for their children, but King insisted that the money go in full to the SCLC. Later, when two board members suggested that he accept a salary from the organization, King declined the offer. He explained that his income from Ebenezer Baptist church and the sum that he kept from speaking and writing was enough to support his family. Conclusion Due to King’s legacy as a man of good man, his shadow persisted even after his assassination. The poor people’s campaign initially was identified with the martyred prophet, not with his successor. The goals King established, especially for the campaign of equality among the whites and the blacks were probably unreachable, but King-the-symbol remained untarnished by failure. In addition to the charisma of his leadership, King had clear strategies for achieving goals. He believed that besides the use of legal tactics, the federal government was a necessary ally. King believed that because of man’s sinfulness, a restraining force was needed. According to him, it was the government that could counteract collective evil. His ultimate goal in many of his campaigns was to force the federal government to act. Time after time, his strategy worked. From the term paper, it is clear that his leadership was two fold. He was able to mobilize blacks, while at the same time appealing to the consciousness of the whites. King’s influence was as a result of several factors. To African Americans, his background was rooted in the black community, he was a Baptist preacher, and his academic training combined with religious faith provided the leadership skills he needed. To white Americans, he was an African American with the extraordinary ability to convince them of the evil of segregation. His words carried a powerful punch that, while what he was saying about segregation was not new, he stirred a moral awakening. Cementing his position was his leadership through nonviolent resistance, which appealed to decency and the commonality of humanity that, until then, had been ignored. Reference 1) Long M. G. (2002). Against us, but for us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the state. California; Mercer University Press

Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memory - Essay Example Furthermore, in all types of memory, including those associated with immune responses, an individual's capacity decreases with age (2, 3). While certain amount of scientific literature is available in the public databases with regard to the influence of external stimuli on memory, little or no information is available on decrease of memory performance in response to an external stimulus. In this context, we hypothesized that the memory of an individual is affected by external stimuli to such an extent that there's a significant decrease in individual memory performance. For the present, memory performance is defined as the ability of an individual to recall the objects which that particular individual was allowed to view for one minute. With an aim to test the hypothesis, two groups, of five people each, were included in the present study. The first group was the experimental group while the later served as controls. Both the groups were asked to memorize, and recall from their memory, twelve easily recognizable objects placed in a tray after viewing them for one minute. However, when individuals from the experimental group were viewing the objects, loud rock music was played next to them.

US Taxation Benchmark #3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Taxation Benchmark #3 - Assignment Example The fact that Mia does not paint for the purpose of profit qualifies her artwork venture as a hobby rather than a business. Since Mia’s expenses are hobby expenses, she may not claim a loss from her artwork, although she can deduct the expense from the income from her artworks. An expense is reasonable if, in its nature and amount, it does not exceed what a prudent person would incur in the context of competitive business. Reasonableness of specific expenses must be examined with precise care in connection with the motive of the business venture, whether for profit or non-profit. If an initial review of the facts results in a test of a specific expense by the business entity, the burden of proof shall be upon the entity to establish that such expense is reasonable. A reasonable expense depends on a variety of factors such as whether it is the type of expense generally recognized as necessary and ordinary for the conduct of the entity’s business. Furthermore, the trading activities should exhibit adherence to relevant laws and regulations, generally accepted sound business practices, and arm’s-length bargaining. The U.S congress enacted the Internal Revenue Code in order to tax net income. According to the legislation, taxable income, whether obtained illegally or legally is subject to federal income tax rules. A business bad debt is a loss due to the worthlessness of a debt was created in the course of the business or it closely related to the business entity when it became worthless. Debts closely relate to a business if the primary motive of incurring them is business related. The main cause of business bad debt is credit sales. Businesses deduct their bad debts from the gross income when figuring their taxable income. Businesses can deduct bad debts in part or in full. Businesses can claim a business bad debt using either the nonaccrual experience method or the specific charge-off method. Nonbusiness debts

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Essay

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Marginalize the Nation-state - Essay Example This report stressses that the post-Second World War international economic order is characterized by the rise of intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO), among others. Multilateralism and trade liberalization appeared to fight the economic depression after the war. However, these institutions have been questioned in the pessimist view of globalization. TAll the authors considered in this essay acknowledge the influence of globalization in the nation-state. Although globalization is an unstoppable force, it will not destroy the nation-state. However, the changes are significant and undeniable. The possibility of a marginalization of the nation-state, due to the forces of global institutions and markets, depends on the role of each state to manage globalization and the processes involved in it, according to the social and economic objectives of a nation-state, which keeps its sovereignty. Globalization implies risks and hazards, but it can be channelled to support national objectives. To avoid the negative influence of free trade, it is important that nation-states recover the concern on people’s interest. A continuous debate on the global economic regime is essential to reinforce the role of the state. In this globalising era, nation-states not only are able to survive, but also may strengthen their national identity with an increase of hybrid identities and cosmopolitan features.

Foreclosure and the Aspect of Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreclosure and the Aspect of Morality - Essay Example This paper expounds on the morality aspect of foreclosure stating that that voluntary foreclosure is justified while involuntary foreclosure is unjustified. Reasons Both borrowers and lenders are trying to make money. The lender will seek to gain financially from selling the property and no one complains of its immorality. The morality of business allows the borrower to reasonably attain utmost advantage from their property as possible (Hagerty, 2009). What happens when the property loses its value? What moral incentive allows one to proceed chasing a valueless acquisition? There is none whatsoever. In a bid to make as much money, each seeks to take the alternative that suits them best. If the property loses value, the borrower may tend to voluntary foreclose the property and this is morally justified. Too many foreclosures in one area form a bad place to live, even for those who are paying their bills (house payments). The main reasons for foreclosure have mainly been related to dis placement, crime issues and shattered credit scores (Rhodes, 2008). Is it moral to advocate for an individual who has been displaced from a certain region to continue paying out for a property to which they have lost ownership? Absolutely not! The moral aspect is to let the family or individual to rebuild their lives while sympathizing with their predicament (Weitekamp, 2011). Crime is a social ill that few can tolerate. If a neighborhood becomes infested with criminal activities, is it moral to risk one’s life in such a neighborhood? The answer again is logical NO. In a severe recession some people might be trying to pay their bills but still can't because they lost their jobs. Thus, further economic hardships that have hit many people have made even renting a premise more costly than it was 3 years back. The whole recession situation has made it more difficult for people to get jobs, further straining their incomes and lifestyles (Lowenstein, 2010). Thus, as morally upright individual, the borrower forecloses the deal to avoid pressurizing them further. Explanation It is believed that voluntary defaults or strategic defaults have become an increasing affair in America nowadays. Long gone are the days when people would do all they could to pay their mortgage and satisfy their legal and financial obligations. The fact that many believe that business and the world in general is amoral does not justify the reason for people to abscond their duties and obligations (Walker, 2003). Despite the house prices falling and the owners left with houses that cost less than their true value, the lender left owing should fulfill their end of the bargain. However, some have resulted in a calculated decision where they choose to hang on to their money while letting their houses go. The reason this is not immoral is the fact that the voluntary bit comes after weighing one’s options and the benefits of the property to be acquired. It would be moral if empathy were a part of human reasoning. Situations that one may not be able to handle should not be taken as an immoral way of making another to lose their livelihood. If one is not able to pay their mortgage and voluntarily requests foreclosure to be pursued, it would be moral to let them take the credit

Immigration Outside the Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immigration Outside the Law - Assignment Example This paper tells that while this may be beneficial to the immigrant, it is not always so for every party involved and/or affected directly and indirectly by immigration. Immigration, though good, has to be controlled and managed adequately. The United States is one the world’s largest and wealthiest economy. This status places the United States as the ideal country of residence due to the abundance of opportunities within the market. This led to an influx of immigrants from neighboring countries, especially Mexico. This potential problem was further compounded by the influx of international immigrants from nations within the other continents. It is estimated that 8.7 million immigrants were in the United States as at the end of the 2000 FY. However, as at the end of 2013, there were approximately 11.7 million illegal immigrants in the United States (Chomsky, 2014). This points to an alarming increase in the number of illegal aliens in the country. There has been an increase of 117% in the number of children under the age of 5 between 2013 and 2014 (Motomura, 2014). This is an alarming statistic. The current status and number of illegal immigrants have a considerable strain on the nation’s resources. This is because the country’s national budget is made considering the legal population count. However, the number of illegal immigrants stretch the country’s health sector, while increasing the level of unemployment as these immigrants have little to no education. Furthermore, this increase leads to a decrease in the level of wages as immigrants offer cheap labor.

Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Common Law - Essay Example Once this process ceases, the parties are supposed to reach an agreement or abandon the process without an agreement. The traditional way of ascertaining whether or not an agreement has been reached is to apply the rules of offer and acceptance. An offer, when properly made by one party and accepted by another party, an agreement is said to take place. That is, on acceptance or at the moment of communication of acceptance, to be more precise. Though the process is simple, it raises several questions as to whether an offer has been made at all and who the offeror is.An offer can be made at auctions, tenders, by price list or advertisements. But these are not strictly offers but invitation to treat. See Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots 2 The offer comes in variety of forms that a formal communication of acceptance is not necessary in all cases. For example, advertisement of rewards and offers to the whole world. See Carlil v Carbolic Smoke ball & Co 3 Some times, questio n arises as to whether a silence can amount to acceptance. The agreement so formed by the process of offer and acceptance, should be supported by another element known as â€Å"consideration†. Consideration is something what the offeror and the acceptor are prepared to exchange for what he has been offered or has accepted.4 Gratuitous promises cannot be enforced as was established in Re Hudson,5 wherein Hudson’s executors were sued after his death for moneys owed by him on account of balance of donation he had promised give @  £ 4,000 per year for five years. The court held that money had been promised to be paid by him merely as a charity and not in exchange of some thing the donees had given him in return what is known as consideration in law. The position would have been different had Hudson executed a gift deed which could not be construed as a contract in any case. Thus, an offer is a proposal or promise by one person to another

Interdependence and Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interdependence and Independence - Essay Example Unlike independent-self which focuses on individual responsibility separate from the entire society, interdependent self-concept emphasizes shared responsibilities. The main tenet of interdependence self-concept is the reliance that exists among individuals in the society for survival and mutual development. Interdependence self-instills the idea that people are not alone in their attempts at mental growth and development. People also provided support for one another to grow socially. Interdependent self-concept also promotes responsibility sharing by encouraging individuals to take various roles, which contribute to the development and growth of the society. Interdependent self-concept is also crucial for overcoming fear. Unlike independence, which puts an individual against the rest of other members of the society, interdependence promotes cohesion among society members, thus helping individuals to experience lower levels of fear and insecurity. The recognition of the fact that one has the support of others remains crucial for alleviating negative feelings, which could yield fear in individuals. Support for each other is only possible in a society where people feel close to each other and the society is characterized by high level of interdependence. Interdependence also promotes good and meaningful relationships. Interdependence promotes strong ties between individuals, both personal and professional, which is deficient in independent self-concept. In independent self-concept, people often emerge as overly self-reliant, which jeopardizes the chances of forming positive bonds among individuals.

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay In the time Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol life was tough. Poverty was common and for most people food was scarce. Many people were forced to move to the already overpopulated, crowded cities and due to the lack of housing many of these people were living in horrible conditions on the streets. Dickens tried to point out some of the social issues of the time through his literature in the hope that something could be done to make conditions for the poorer people better. One issue Dickens points out is how money could change peoples lives dramatically. In A Christmas Carol Scrooge represents a rich snob. He is stubborn, selfish and self-centred. He appears to be ignorant to all the poverty around him and doesnt acknowledge the impact it has on peoples lives. Scrooge is the type of person many of us would purposely avoid meeting, talking to or even catching eye contact with. It was the very thing he liked. To edge his way along the crowded paths of life, warning all human sympathy to keep its distance (Page 35). It seems Scrooge makes a conscious effort to be seen as a loner and perhaps even enjoys it. The Cratchits represent the other side of the story and many of the poor families living at the time, they are poor and have so many hardships they have to cope with they were not well dressed; their shoes were far from being water-proof; their clothes were scanty; and Peter might have known, and very likely did, the inside of a pawnbrokers. But they were happy, grateful, pleased with one another, and contented with the time (Page 84). This shows how, even though they didnt have very many things going for them, they were happy with what they had been blessed with. In stave 3 Scrooge is taken by the ghost of Christmas present to see the Cratchits Christmas dinner. The dinner is not very big at all, as they all know, but Mrs Cratchit refuses to believe that they had eaten it all and everyone had enough to fill their starving stomachs. Mrs Cratchit said with great delight (surveying one small atom of a bone upon the dish), they hadnt ate it all at last! (Page 81) we are seeing her mothering instincts here as she tries to persuade herself, and anyone else listening to her that she has managed feed her family adequately and shes not stinting them despite the situation. Tiny Tim is a cripple, and represents the Cratchits unending struggle to cope with life. This doesnt upset the family though, because they treat him in the same way they treat each other. Before Scrooge met the family he was callous and uncaring, so when he asks the ghost if Tiny Tim will survive, the ghost quotes Scrooges words If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population Scrooge then realises how horrid he had been in the past about cripples and other less fortunate people than himself so he was overcome with penitence and grief, feelings he hadnt felt for a long time. The Cratchit family are certainly not as rich as Scrooge but they are so much happier. They believe family and friends are so much more important than work and money. Mrs Cratchit doesnt worry about not having very much food, she worries more about her family and if anyone is late on Christmas day. What has ever got your precious father then, said Mrs Cratchit Page 79. This shows how loving Mrs Cratchit and the rest of the family are to each other, and they would rather have a smaller portion of food than some of the family missing out and having more food to themselves. Scrooge has a very different view on life to the Cratchits, he believes he doesnt needs friends, family and happiness because he is rich, has a successful job and works hard. What right have you to be merry? What reason have you to be merry? Youre poor enough. (Page 36) Scrooge believed this until he met the Cratchit family.

Methods for Water Treatment

Methods for Water Treatment 1.12.2 Effect of chlorination of water Chlorine is toxic not only for microorganisms, but for human being also. For humans, chlorine is an irritation to the nasal passages eye, and respiratory system. Chlorine gas must be cautiously handled because it may cause severe health problem. Although, chlorine gas is also the low rate form of chlorine for water treatment, It makes use choice in spite of the health problem. In drinking water, the concentration of chlorine is usually very low and is thus not a concern in acute exposure. More of a concern is the long term risk of cancer due to chronic exposing to chlorinated water. This is mainly due to the halo alkanes and other products and chlorinated products. These are carcinogenic and have been the substance of concern in chlorinated drinking water. Chlorinated water has been related with increased risk of bladder, colon and rectal cancer. In the case of bladder cancer, the risk may be doubled. Chlorination is a very popular method of water disinfection that has been used from several years. It has proved to be efficient for destroying bacteria and viruses, but not for some carcinogenic disinfection by-product, many communities have become hesitant in the continuation of this process. Although chlorination does have some disadvantages, it continues to be the most conventional, useful, and consistent method of water disinfection. 1.13 Oxidation by potassium permanganate Most treatment plants, uses potassium permanganate for the oxidation and subsequent removal of iron, follow the chemical addition with manganese greensand filtration. Manganese treated greensand can exchange electrons and therefore oxidizes iron and manganese to their insoluble, filterable states [[1][2]]. When the filter is completely regenerated the excess KMnO4 will break through the filter bed leaving a pink color in the water. The greensand filter bed is usually capped with anthracite to first remove insoluble compounds, which helps prevent the filter from becoming clogged. Most filters are equipped with an air wash system to enhance the greens and backwashing process. Major disadvantages to the use of the potassium permanganate – greens and filtration process for iron removal include high chemical costs and filter bed deterioration when the pH falls below 7.0. In some treatment plants, KMnO4 is used to oxidize iron and manganese without greensand filtration[[3]]and analytical chemistry [[4]] and also as a disinfectant. Among the six oxidation states of manganese from +2 to +7, permanganate, Mn(VII) is the most pervasive oxidation state in acid, with reduction potentials of [[5]]Oxidation by permanganate finds extensive application in organic synthesis [[6]].The manganese c hemistry involved in these multistep redox reactions is an important source of information as the manganese intermediates are relatively easy to identify when they have sufficiently long lifetimes, and oxidation states of the intermediates permit useful conclusions as to the possible reaction mechanisms, including the nature of intermediates. In acidic medium it exists in the different forms: HMnO4, H2MnO+4, HMnO3 and Mn2O7. The thesis comprises seven chapters including the general introduction about chemical kinetics as follows. 1.  General Introduction This chapter introduces about the kinetics, mechanisms, disinfection and catalysis of reactions in general. PART I Uncatalyzed reactions 2. Transformation of Levofloxacin during Water treatment with chlorine: Kinetics, Mechanism and Pathways Kinetics and mechanism of removal of fluoroquinolone antibacterial levofloxacin (LFC) by free available chlorine (FAC) during water chlorination processes was investigated for the first time between the pH values 4.2 and 8.5. The pH dependent second order rate constants were found to decrease with increase in pH. (e.g. Apparent second order rate constant; k†app = 20 dm3 mol-1 s-1 at pH 4.2 and k†app = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 at pH 8.5 and at 25 oC). The products of the reaction were determined by Liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. There are two plausible pathways for the LFC chlorination. The major channel is electrophilic halodecarboxylation of quinolone moiety in which, HOCl reacts at tertiary N(4) amine to form a reactive chlorammonium intermediate (R3N(4)Cl+) that can catalytically halogenate LFC and the minor channel is chlorination at piperazinyl moiety in which the HOCl reacts at tertiary N(4) amine to form a reactive chlorammonium intermediate (R 3N(4)Cl+) followed by intermediate degradation both at piperazinyl and quinolone moiety with successive chlorination. The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction was studied at four different temperatures and rate constants were found to increase with increase in temperature and the thermodynamic activation parameters Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# were evaluated for the reaction and discussed. 3. Transformation of linezolid during water treatment with chlorine: A kinetic study The experimental studies on transformation of emerging contaminant linezolid during water chlorination process have been carried out using UV-Visible spectrometer. The pseudo-first order rate constants of linezolid reaction with free available chlorine (FAC) at 5.0 to 8.8 pH have been determined. The second order rate constants are found to decrease with increase in pH (e.g. apparent second rate constant; k†app=2.88 dm3 mol-1s-1 at pH 5.0 and k†app = 0.076 dm3 mol-1 s-1 at pH 8.8 at 298K). Monochlorinated reaction product has been identified by LC/ESI/MS spectra under the experimental conditions. A mechanism involving electrophilic halogenation is proposed based on the kinetic data and LC/ESI/MS spectra. The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction has been studied at four different temperatures. It is observed that rate constants increase with the increase in temperature and the thermodynamic activation parameters Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# are evaluated for the reaction and discussed. The product of the reaction between linezolid and FAC retains the antibacterial activity. The geometry optimization of the reactants and the products has been done using dispersion corrected density functional (DFT-D) method. All the DFT calculations are accomplished using the TurboMole-5.10 package. 4. Transformation of antibacterial agent lomefloxacin by alkaline permanganate: Kinetics and Mechanism The kinetic and mechanistic investigation of oxidation of emerging contaminant Lomefloxacin (LMF) by alkaline permanganate was carried out spectrophtometrically. The oxidation product 7-amino-1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid was identified by Agilent 6130 Series Quadrupole LC/MS. The stoichiometry was found to be 1:2, that is, 1 mol of lomefloxacin reacted with 2 mol manganese (VII). Orders with respect to [LMF] and [OH] were found to be fractional and less that one. The oxidation reaction proceeds via an alkali-permanganate species, that forms a complex with lomefloxacin and the complex then decomposes to give the product. The rate of reaction was found to decrease with decrease in the dielectric constant. The effects of initially added products and ionic strength have also been investigated. The kinetics of the reaction was also studied at four different temperatures and the thermodynamic activation parameters for the reaction were evaluated and discussed. The geometry optimization of reactants and activated complex were carried out using density functional theory (DFT). The DFT calculations were accomplished with the TURBOMOLE program package (Version-6.4). The activation energy was found to be ~21 kJ/mol at RI-BP86.def 2-TZVPP level of theory. PART II CATALYSED REACTIONS 5. Silver (I) catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation of levofloxacin with aqueous chlorine: A comparative kinetic and mechanistic approach The kinetics and mechanism of the Ag (I) ion catalyzed reaction of levofloxacin (LFC) by free available chlorine (FAC) during water chlorination processes was investigated for the first time between the pH values 4.2 and 8.2. The pH dependent second order rate constants were found to decrease with increase in pH. (e.g. Apparent second order rate constant for Ag (I) catalyzed reaction, k†app = 114.40 dm-3 mol-1 sec-1 at pH 4.2 and k† app. = 8.72 dm-3mol-1 sec-1 at pH 8.2 and at 25 ±0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™). The reaction rates revealed that Ag (I) catalyzed reaction was about six-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. The products of the reaction were determined by Liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. The reaction proceeds via formation of intermediate complex between Ag (I) ion and levofloxacin, then HOCl reacts with the complex to form chlorinated product. The effect of catalyst, effect of initially added product, effect dielectric constant and effect ionic strength on the rate of reaction was also studied. The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction was studied at four different temperatures and rate constants were found to increase with increase in temperature and the thermodynamic activation parameters Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# were evaluated for the reaction and discussed. 6. Ag (I) catalyzed chlorination of linezolid during water treatment: Kinetics, mechanism The kinetics and mechanism of the Ag (I) ion catalyzed reaction of linezolid (LNZ) by free available chlorine (FAC) during water chlorination processes was investigated for the first time between the pH values 4.0 and 9.0. The pseudo-first order rate constants of linezolid reaction with free available chlorine (FAC) at 4.0 to 9.0 pH have been determined. The pH dependent second order rate constants were found to decrease with increase in pH. Apparent second order rate constant for uncatalyzed reaction, e.g. k†app = 8.15 dm-3 mol-1 sec-1 at pH 4.0 and k† app. = 0.076 dm-3mol-1 sec-1 at pH 9.0 and at 25 ±0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and for Ag (I) catalyzed reaction total apparent second order rate constant, e.g. k†app = 51.50 dm-3 mol-1 sec-1 at pH 4.0 and k† app. = 1.03 dm-3mol-1 sec-1 at pH 9.0 and at 25 ±0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The reaction rates revealed that Ag (I) catalyzed reaction was about five to ten-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. Monochlorinate d reaction product has been identified by LC/ESI/MS spectra under the experimental conditions. A mechanism involving electrophilic halogenation is proposed based on the kinetic data and LC/ESI/MS spectra. The reaction rates revealed that Ag (I) catalyzed reaction was about ten-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reaction.The reaction proceeds via formation of intermediate complex between Ag (I) ion and linezolid, then HOCl reacts with the complex to form chlorinated product. The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction has been studied at four different temperatures. It is observed that rate constants increase with the increase in temperature and the thermodynamic activation parameters Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# are evaluated for the reaction and discussed. The effect of catalyst, effect of initially added product, effect dielectric constant and effect ionic strength on the rate of reaction. The product of the reaction between linezolid and FAC retains the antibacterial activity. 7. Transformation of linezolid during water treatment with permanganate: Kinetics, mechanism and Pd (II) catalysis The uncatalyzed and Pd (II) catalyzed transformation of Linezolid (LNZ) with permanganate in acidic medium was carried out between the pH values 3.0 and 6.0. The pH dependent second order rate constants were found to decrease with increase in pH. Apparent second order rate constant for uncatalyzed reaction, e.g. k†app = 6.32 dm-3 mol-1 sec-1 at pH 3.0 and k† app. = 2.64 dm-3mol-1 sec-1 at pH 6.0 and at 25 ±0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and for Pd (II) catalyzed reaction total apparent second order rate constant, e.g. k†app = 75.5 dm-3 mol-1 sec-1 at pH 3.0 and k† app. = 45.66 dm-3mol-1 sec-1 at pH 6.0 and at 25 ±0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The reaction rates revealed that Pd (II) catalyzed reaction was about ten-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. The products of the reaction were determined by Liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. The reaction proceeds via formation of complex between Pd (II) and linezolid, then complex reacts with acidic p ermanganate to form intermediate compound, which then form oxidized products. The effect of catalyst, effect of initially added product, effect dielectric constant and effect ionic strength on the rate of reaction were also studied. The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction was studied at four different temperatures and rate constants were found to increase with increase in temperature and the thermodynamic activation parameters Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# were evaluated for the reaction and discussed. References [1]. w. Stumm, and J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1967. [2]. J. Hoigne, H. Bader, W.R. Haag and J. Staehelin, Rate Constants of Reactions of Ozone with Organic and Inorganic Compounds in water III, Water Res., Vol. 19(8), 1985, pp.993. [3]. L.D. Benefield, J.F. Judkins and B.L. Weand , Iron and Manganese Removal, from Process Chemistry for water and wastewater Treatment, ed. J.M. Chege, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood CliffS, N.J.,1982. [4]. G.A. Hiremath, P.L.Timmanagoudar and S. T. Nandibewoor, Kinetics of oxidation of thallium (I) by permanganate in aqueous hydrochloric acid medium using stopped flow technique. Transit. Met. Chem. Vol.21, 1996, pp. 560–568. [5]. M.C. Day and J.Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Reinhold, New York, 1964,  pp. 226–233. [6]. P. Caron, R.W. Dugger, J.A.Ruggeri and D.H.Brown Ripin, Large scale oxidations in the pharmaceutical industry. Chem. Rev. Vol.106, 2006, pp. 2943–2989.

Brave New World :: essays research papers

- â€Å"Brave New World† - By: Aldous Huxley Author: Aldous Huxley was born in 1894, and died in 1963. He first went to Eton, and then to Oxford. He was a brilliant man, and became a succesful writer of short stories in the twenties and thirties. He also wrote essays and novels, like 'Brave New World'. The first novels he wrote were comments on the young generation, with no goal whatsoever, that lived after WW I. Before he became the writer as we know him, he worked as a journalist and a critic of drama. In his books, especially the later ones, he sometimes presents himself as a teacher or a philosopher, to literate us as readers. Next to novels, essays and short stories he also wrote poems, biographies, plays, political/sci-fi books, travel books and even a record of his experiments with drugs. 'Brave New World' was first published in 1932, and has been reprinted many times after that. Main Characters: Bernard Marx Lenina Crowne John Savage (Son of Tomakin, Bernard's boss) Helmholtz Watson Huxley tries to make a statement with this book, he tries to make something clear to the reader. To do this he uses characters, but they're insignificant to what his real intentions are, he merely uses them to express his ideas, therefor their characteristics and ideas are not important in the whole picture. There is hardly any charaterisation in the book to illustrate the individuals. Theme: In the foreword Huxley states: "The theme of 'Brave New World' is not the advancement of science as such; it is the advancement of science as it affects human individuals." The picture of the world given in the book describes the condition of the human individual in a western civilization in a 'near' future. The society has turned into a well oiled machine, in which everything is controlled, even the future profession of the individual is determined before birth. It's a society in which the human being only serves a sociological and scientifical purpose, the individual thought is overruled by one big totalitarian state, likewise emotion and initiative are ruled out. Giving birth is forbidden, sex is the most normal thing on earth, and even drugs is taken with the routine and amount of normal meals. Only a small group of the real man exists, be it's far outside the 'civilized' world. John Savage is one of them, representitive of individual freedom and thought, torn between two societies. Huxley warns for material and technical dependence, that will eventually bring destruction upon mankind. Characteristics: The story is set in our world, in the future (some 600 years from now).

Complex Systems Are Very Likely to Experience Accidents :: Challenger Accidents Accident Papers

Complex Systems Are Very Likely to Experience Accidents Many people in today’s industrial countries have experienced the frustration and inconvenience of having their car break down. That event, while troublesome, often does not pose any significant danger to people. It is a useful microcosm, however, because cars, like other complex systems, will almost certainly malfunction at some point during use. While we cannot prove the following assertion for sure, empirical data and observations strongly suggest that complex systems that are made of unreliable components will inevitably experience accidents so long as there exist flaws in the system that have no reliable safeguards. Numerous studies have investigated such a ‘Normal Accident Theory,’ and two notable cases very strongly indicate its validity: petroleum refinery accidents and the space shuttle Challenger, both of which will be discussed in this paper. Normal Accident Theory (NAT) is the label for a school of thought that considers accidents in complex systems to be inevitable. Two characteristics of complex systems that are very important to NAT are the interactive complexity of a system and a system’s coupling. Coupling is determined primarily by the time between processes in a system, the independent or dependent progression of such processes, and the number of different ways that a system’s goal can be achieved (Piccard, 1999). Systems are classified as ‘tightly coupled,’ meaning that the time between processes is small, the processes are highly interdependent, and there are few paths, if not one, to the goal; or ‘loosely coupled,’ which is the opposite. These characteristics are particularly useful for comparing different complex systems and evaluating them to determine which are at the highest risk for accidents. The results can then be used to minimize, but not elimina te, the possibility that an accident will occur. Sociologist Charles Perrow is generally credited with developing NAT. In order to understand the principles of NAT, several definitions that it uses are essential. An accident is defined as â€Å"an event that is unintended, unfortunate, damages people or objects, affects the functioning of the system of interest, and is non-trivial.† (Perrow, 1994) There are two types of accidents: component failure accidents, which â€Å"involve one or more component failures (part, unit, or subsystem) that are linked in an anticipated sequence,† and ‘normal accidents,’ or system accidents as they can be called (Perrow, 1994).

Dangers of Fast Food Essay -- Essays on Fast Food

It's quick, it's convenient, it's delicious. Fast food is the most popular quick-service nourishment. It plays an important roll in the lives that we humans so perfectly laid out for ourselves. Why try cooking when you can get food at a much faster rate? To most people, fast food is the answer to all of our problems. It is good in every possible way, or is it? Although some might deny the consequences, we all know there is a steep price to pay. So here by today, I am asking you to have a closer look at the hidden dangers. In my opinion, we should free the world of fast food because, not only are they adding the amount of cruelty to animals and draining money out of our pockets, they're also taking great risk of the health of billions of people. Ever since the world?s first fast food restaurant started business, it has been responsible for the death of 50 billion animals worldwide each year. It?s an astounding number, yet the slaughtering is still increasing rapidly. The irresistible taste of heaven keeps the cash coming in, and keeps the people addicted. ?Meat is an essential part of our food-chain.? One might say. ?We can?t all live our lives being vegetarians!? It?s true that we can?t stop the butchering of animals. But if you were to witness the horrifying pictures of slaughter houses, you?d think differently. The pigs all have their skin sliced open to revel the organs, while chickens hang with their furless wings flapping. Just because of our selfish needs, we?re treating them with violence and cruelty. It is time for some real action, to correct our mistakes. It was wrong in the first place, to slaughter others for our own benefits. And it would be more so, if we don?t put a stop to it. And because we humans are. .. ... convenience, and forget all the dangers? Do we want to pay the price of our physical condition just for better tasting food? If we get rid of fast food, we can not only help people make healthier choices, but also save the lives of millions of people. Having fast food makes our lives more convenient in all ways. You no longer have to wait in long line ups, and can get food at a much fast rate. Yet, how can we still permit fast food when it is doing harm to our society? They no only increase the slaughtering and death of billions of animals, but are also costing us more than we can afford. But not important of all, they are putting millions of lives at risk. Just for a quicker and more delicious meal. We must forbid fast food from ever reaching the shelves. And every time you open up a package of MacDonald?s ask yourself this question. ?Am I making the right choice

Lessons from the Fog of War Essay

The War in Afghanistan was launched on October 7, 2001 by the United States and the United Kingdom in response to the September 11, 2001 Al Qaeda attacks. It marked the beginning of President George Bush’s Great War against Terrorism. The Iraqi War refers to the United States-led invasion of Iraq which began on March 20, 2003. The invasion was prompted by the common belief amongst the US-led coalition that Saddam Hussein had managed to achieve nuclear and chemical warfare capability that could fall into the hands of terrorists. In both the cases the United States and its allies have got bogged down in situations where it they can neither afford to pull out nor up the ante and charge forward. Robert McNamara who was the Secretary of Defense under President John F Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson speaks about his experiences of war and the lessons he learnt from them during his eventful career in the award-winning documentary The Fog of War. The very title of the documentary is a statement on the nature of war which McNamara says is â€Å"so complex that it is beyond the capability of the human mind to fully comprehend it. † In the documentary, McNamara basically speaks about his experiences of the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnamese War of the 1960s and 1970s. McNamara believes that the United States was able to avoid a war that would probably have turned nuclear and could still manage to get the Soviet missiles off Cuban soil primarily because it could empathize with its enemy. The United States was able to appreciate the exact political situation Nikita Khrushchev was in when the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States came to a head. In the face of his party hardliners Khrushchev needed a face-saving excuse to get out of Cuba and avoid a possible nuclear war. In the case of Vietnam, however, this was not possible as the United States did not know the Vietnamese well enough to be able to empathize with them. The situations in Iraq and Afghanistan are also similar to Vietnam. Did the United States and it allies care to know the Iraqis or the Afghans well enough to be able to empathize with them? In the case of Saddam Hussein, the United States failed to appreciate the political circumstances that guided the actions of the dictator and clubbed him together with the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks. In doing so, they have created a situation which could have very well turned advantageous for the terrorists. The situation in Iraq is now quite the perfect breeding grounds for terrorists who see the United States and its allies as the enemy that wants to destroy them and their religion. In Afghanistan too, despite all claims that the United States may make, for the Afghan the every American represents an enemy who has bombed their homes and killed their near and dear ones. Referring to his tenure in Ford, McNamara gives the example of their effort to analyze accident data to device ways and means to provide safety to people in cars. Once they were able to get the accurate data, McNamara and his colleagues found that problems in packaging people in cars were the main cause of fatalities in accidents, and could come up with simple safety devices such as the seat belt which resulted in the saving of more than 20,000 lives every year in the United States alone. The importance of getting the data, and the accurate data, is quite evident in the case of Iraq and Saddam Hussein. Both the United States and the United Kingdom failed to obtain accurate data in the case of Iraq and also in the case of Afghanistan to a certain extent. With accurate data not being available, things were bound to go wrong. The very next lesson that McNamara speaks of in the documentary becomes immediately applicable in the case of both Iraq and Afghanistan – the fact that what we see believe in and see can often both be wrong. McNamara cites the example of the supposed torpedo attacks by North Vietnamese patrol boats on the US destroyer Maddox on August 2, 1964 and again on the Maddox and its sister ships on August 4, 1964. The August 2 attack was real enough, but President Johnson and the United States did not believe it to be true and chose to ignore it; the August 4 attacks were most probably conjured up by predisposed and stressed minds, but were taken to be real enough by the United State’s administration to launch attacks on North Vietnam. The dictum that we see what we choose to believe in is exemplified in the case of Afghanistan and Iraq. The United States believed that Iraq had manufactured nuclear weapons and that both Afghanistan and Iraq supported Islamic terrorists, and literally saw what they believed in. These attitudes precipitated both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The failure to find Saddam Hussein’s stockpile of nuclear arsenal proved the belief long, albeit too late. The deteriorating conditions in Iraq and Afghanistan and the continued resistance of the people have also made it clear that the populations under seize hate the occupation forces not because Iraqis and Afghans are terrorists but because they perceive the Americans as aggressors. And more and more of the occupied people turn towards the terrorists. Thousands of people have died from both sides of these wars. McNamara however feels proportionality should be a guideline of war. That raises the question whether the destruction of the Iraqi and Afghan societies and deaths of the thousands of American soldiers on the battlefield can be justified proportionally by the objectives that these wars hope to achieve. The end of global terrorism would demand a heavy price, but is this the right price to pay? McNamara says that one has to engage in evil in order to do good, the deaths and destruction in Iraq and Afghanistan could very well be the necessary evil to achieve the good of ridding the world of terrorism and making it a far more safer and secure place for the future generations. Yet human nature will never change, and McNamara admits that every general makes mistakes in wars. So are Afghanistan and Iraq mistakes, or they still shrouded in the fog of war?

Children at work

This generation of parents have become more worried about what their children are watching and playing and because of this productiveness's The British Board of Film Classification (BBC) was established to give age ratings to movies. The board began fully operating in 1985 and since then they have rated thousands of movies.This wasn't a problem in the ass's as parents Just accompanied their children in the movies they couldn't watch alone but because of the growing amount of violence, sexual content and swearing in major motion pictures these days, parents are a lot more reluctant in coming with their children to those blockbuster flimsy they really wanted to watch. The main themes movies are rated with are: violence, sex, drugs, profanity, nudity, gambling or other types of mature content.However these themes are becoming more prevalent in movies these days and children learn about these things at a younger age so they should be comfortable with these topics. These age rating stop t he kids from coming to terms with these topics and it would be much better if they learnt about these things In a movie then through peer pressure and experience. Besides parents underestimate how much their children really know about these tauter topics and the amount of swearing In a mature movie Is about the same thing that you would hear in a high school.This Is why I believe age ratings are pointless and should be eradicated as they aren't really protected the children from anything just making them want to watch It more, as something becomes more desirable when its not allowed. The same applies to video games but Its a slightly different scenario as It costs only 10 pounds to watch a movie but about 40 pounds to buy a video game.

Pre Marital Sex

There is no longer any stigma attached to pre-marital sex in our society. Pop stars do it, sports stars do it, and politicians do it. Teens nowadays too tend to have this perception that sex before marriage is acceptable and would not even bother the consequences of it. Yet, it is still a big NO to every human as it violates this inner reality, because unmarried people thereby engage in a life-uniting act without a life-uniting intent. Some of the couples who deeply fall in love with each other are willing to do anything just to be together with their own partner without thinking twice, just like what Tom and Barbara did.The worse thing is their intention is only for sexual purposes. Frankly speaking, there are better ways to express your love for someone you’re not married to. Sex is not the only solution to show love to your spouse. Besides that, sex is not entertainment. If you’re bored go to the cinema or play a computer game or go for a run – don’t mi suse something as important as sex just for a bit of mindless fun. That would be like hiring a Rolls Royce car just to pick up some shopping – a waste, a misuse of something precious, something that is far more important if used properly.Other people’s bodies are not just toys for us to play with and then discard. They never thought of their after effects on their acts. They may get along together, but it is never guaranteed that they can be ‘happily ever after’. They will be facing problems later on like having difficulties in paying rental fees and daily expenses they still do not have the ability to earn money at this young age. On the other hand, Barbara who takes birth control pills to prevent ovulation still may have the possibility to get pregnant since there is no assurance for it.Not only that, taking birth control pills will cause excessive vaginal bleeding if over dosage, rash, breast tenderness and sexual diseases. Statistics has shown us that 40 percent of women ages 20 to 25 have HPV, which can cause cancer and which, of course, is only one of many sexually transmitted diseases. That means a lot of men and women are spreading potentially deadly diseases and not protecting themselves or others. Her mental health will most likely be affected.They should be wise and focus more on choosing behaviour that respects oneself and one's current and possibly future relationship partners, prospective children, etc. I truly believe that none of us here support premarital sex. Women and men should have a virginity pledge before they get married. True love waits. If a boy or girl truly loves you, they will want the best for you. They will not want you to suffer fear of disease, unwanted pregnancy and the psychological difficulties of premarital sex. They will want to experience love with you only in the very best place of all – the love nest of marriage.

Pink is for Girls, Blue is for Boys

Pink is for Girls, Blue is for Boys: The Cultural Change in Gender Throughout HistoryThis essay will address the issue of culture, the media and gender and how they affects us in today’s society. â€Å"The generally accepted rule is pink for boys, and blue for the girls,† noted an article published in the Ladies Home Journal in 1918. Society, the media and gender role socialization have changed since the early part of the twentieth century. Gender differences have influenced men and women’s behaviours, thoughts and feelings since the early 1900s.A large part of this is because of how the media tells us we should act. Girls, for example, are traditionally seen as emotional nurturers and boys are seen as rough or tough providers and the breadwinner for the family. Since the moment of birth in the hospital, we are thrust into these gender roles – pink blankets for baby girls and blue blankets for baby boys. The constant changing ways of our society and the me dia is fascinating. The media provides us with an outline of how we should go about things in our daily lives. It also influences us on just about everything that we deal with on a day to day basis.Our social interactions, for example, our beliefs, and our influences on others are all shaped to some degree by society and the social pressures we feel. Media and gender roles have appeared for a long time in our society and that people follow them because they are comfortable with them and it is what we know. It’s unfortunate because so much of society abides by certain rules that the small population of us that do not follow those rules, get judged and shunned by the rest of society because they are different – most of us view that if something is â€Å"different† it is wrong.Gender roles, in turn, provide us with a sense of who we are, what we should do and how we should go about doing it. They also provide us with a false sense of reality. The more and more our society and culture changes, the more and more â€Å"traditional† views are pushed aside. For instance, not all women are effeminate and not all men conform to traditional concepts of masculinity. The stereotypical portrayals of gender roles on television and in the media, have gradually changed over the years, although not to the extent that society still sees as practical. Although women are beginning to berepresented in more occupations, men are rarely represented in ‘traditional' female roles, such as the nurturing child care provider or attending to the housework; this is still seen as a women‘s job. However, with society changing more and more every day, we see more women in the workplace, more men taking on a role in the home, and women (and men) spending more time in school to get a higher education in order to provide for their families. All of these factors lead to changes in our gender roles and it goes to show how quickly our culture and society consis tently change.Although the media has improved greatly in the past few years. Signorielli, a professor at the University of Delaware, argues that â€Å"[t]elevision can still be seen, therefore, as representing a distorted view of society, which the perceptive minds of children may pick up with ease† (70). This quote proves the fact that from the beginning of childhood, children can pick up on social intimation and gender socialization. It starts in early childhood with children’s toys, the girls are encouraged to play with Barbie and the boys encouraged to play with trucks, and more masculine equipment.Overall, what matters the most here is that men and women are still misrepresented as their traditional stereotypes in the majority of mass media. This stereotype becomes rooted in our minds, and is passed on from generation to generation as an ample view of male and female gender roles. Although women are slowly gaining respect and equality in today‘s society, it is not uncommon to see men and women illustrated as equals, working along side each other in an evenly challenging setting. This is especially true in the workforce.

The Ruritanian Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Ruritanian Project - Essay Example Organizations can choose to conduct environmental scanning of varying level such as, multinational, regional and national. In case of multinational, a wide range of aspects are assessed to identify, forecast and monitor the trends. These trends include the political and economic trends of the countries (Deresky, 2006; Lall and Sahai, 2008). In this case, the company, which is headquartered at United Kingdom, is planning to open its new manufacturing unit in Ruritania. Ruritania is a developing Eastern European country with a stable political and economic condition. This report focuses on providing an analysis of the impact on financial aspect of the organization owing to its operation in this country. The analysis is based on the data provided in the case. Figure 1: Environmental forces affecting the organization (Source: Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2010) Market growth For Foreign Direct Investment, decision making of the multinational enterprise in the host country, market size, pe r capita income, degree of development and changes of market growth, play an important role. The host countries with higher degree of economic development, increasing market size and rapid economic growth are seen to provide better opportunities to the MNEs to exploit the ownership advantages and accomplish economies of scale. It has been suggested that market growth and market size are some of the driving forces that helps the foreign firms with location specific decision making. The market growth plays a leading role in the developing economies to decide on the development of the country from two perspectives such as, increasing domestic market and higher amount of industrial growth. Per capita income, market growth and market size are the traditional economic variables that attract the FDI. From the perspective of the company, they are more likely to invest in the countries with larger market size, higher purchasing power and higher growth potential, rather than the countries wit h smaller market size, lower purchasing power and dawdling economic growth. Market related variables such as, GDP growth, GDP per capita and GDP are also used by the FDIs as important determinants. The level of GDP is seen to capture prospective economies of large scale production and specifically helps in measuring the size of the market. FDI is nothing but a unit of the foreign organization that is trying to establish one of its units in the host country. The absolute and relative sizes of the market are used for estimation. The absolute size of the market is captured by the level of GDP, whereas the growth rate of the GDP is represented by the relative size. A higher amount of GDP per capita generates similar results as the lower balance of payment deficit. The FDIs are seen to be attracted to the host country if they have greater size of potential market and higher amount of GDP (Buxheli, 2011). In the Ruritanian case, the GDP of the country has shown an average growth of 6 perc ent for the past five years, but in the current year, it has shown growth rate of only 0.07 percent, which is poor. This clearly indicates that the GDP growth rate has decreased and the economy is not in a healthy state. A higher growth rate of the GDP implies a robust economy, thereby simultaneously suggesting that the level of unemployment is low and wage increases. On the contrary, if the GDP growth rate is low or negative, then it implies that the economy is in an

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life Essay

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life - Essay Example I could either choose an easy path by dropping out of university or I could put in my efforts to adapt to my surroundings and face the problems. I chose the difficult path because I understood that education and knowledge serve to be important in the life of a person. I put in all my strength to cope up with the educational requirements of the university and I was assisted by my faculty members, who understood my problem and were highly supportive. English is not my first language and I did not hold much expertise in the language. I got enrolled in an English University where English was the medium of education. The lectures were delivered in English and English was the language used for communication with the teachers as well as the other students. The books were in English as well. My English language skills were not very good and it was a very difficult phase for me. This was because of my writing, reading as well as communication skills were not up to the mark and I had to put in much hard work to cope with my studies. I found it difficult to take down notes during the lectures. This was because I had to pay full attention towards listening to the teacher to understand the lecture and if I started taking notes, I used to lag behind in the lecture. Note taking was also an issue as I could not spell words properly and my writing speed was not up to the mark as well. I could not understand the normally used abbreviations as I was not familiar with them and had not used them before.  

A Review of Literature on How to Manage International Joint Venture - 2

A of on How to Manage International Joint Venture Successfully - Literature review Example In licensing model, companies planning for internationalization use patent or trademark of market leaders in foreign countries in order to enter in the country. Companies use strategic partnership with existing player in foreign market in order to enter in the country and this partnership is known as joint venture. Ownership ratio in Joint Venture or International Joint Venture is decided in accordance with the capital invested by two strategic partners. Discussion Academic scholars like Griffith, O’Brian and Zeybek (2001) have pointed out that international joint venture (IJV) is one kind of foreign direct investment and they have also argued that in international joint venture (IJV) strategic partners are engaged to develop and operate one common business entity. Other researchers such as Perlmutter and Heenan (1986) have depicted IJV as a functional device to survive in tumultuous global economies. According to these research scholars companies plan for IJV in order to decr ease financial and strategic risks and they have also given evidences to support their viewpoints. Various research scholars such as Gundlach & Achrolhave (1993) have identified different benefits of forming in IJV. According to them IJV provides various benefits like local capital, raw material sources, marketing capabilities, government assistance, technology integration, tax incentives, assurances of imports, decreasing ethnocentrism issues and local currency loans to foreign players. Academic scholars like Reurer and Miller (1997) have pointed out that IJV can help the parent companies to adopt long term performance plans in order to increase average rate of return in investment. Baek, Min and Ryu (2006) have established a valid argument on wealth management issues of IJV and according to the scholar IJV can create more wealth for shareholders of parent firms meanwhile the model also saves skin for parent firms suffering from high leverage or low level of cash flow. Research sch olars such as Koh and Venkatraman (1991) have argued that international joint venture can boost the growth of stock market value for parent company while many other researchers have found that their argument lacks subjectivity. There is negative side of IJV and academic scholars have pointed out that IJV is considered as strategic dilemma for many organizations. Research scholars such as Yan and Zeng (1999) have pointed out that IJV destabilize the business process for many organizations. They have found that stability of IJV model demands change in leadership or ownership model for companies. Academic scholars have pointed out that IJV needs successful integration of strategic change management in order to be successful. Synchronization of change management and IJV is a contingent option for directing the equilibrium of foreign business venture in response to external and internal forces. Study shows that IJV is the systematic profiling of business risk and available strategic vari ables. Research scholars like Eisenhardt (1989) has proposed two theories names as team production theory and agency theory in order to define risk factors associated with IJV model. Agency theory has underlined agents might fail to understand business objective of principle and in such cases objective of IJV might fail. In such cases principals or the parent companies need to use different mechanisms such as monitoring, contract and reliance in order to resolve agency

Australian Marketing and Advertising Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Marketing and Advertising Law - Essay Example At times, however, the innovation might be jeopardized because of marketing. For instance, the most popular brand name Coca-Cola was subject to serious criticism from public and competitors when it was found to have traces of coca leaves that are dangerous to health. The Coca-Cola Company’s lawyers contested the claim and argued that cola is a special herb that improves health and the concentration of coca leaves in the beverage is not harmful for health. At this point, the competitors argued that the brand name Coca-Cola is deceptive in its nature as it does not really include anything that its name suggests (Solar Navigator). The marketers have to be aware of the importance of trademark laws to ensure that they do not violate any of these laws. Likewise, the Coca-Cola formula is a secretive recipe that is unknown to the world though it exists almost 100 years. The recipe is protected under Trade Secrets law. For marketers, it is important to understand the intellectual prope rty rights associated with the innovation of a company. The intellectual property rights comprise of trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, etc. These rights are categorized according to their scope, subject matter that is protected, disclosure conditions for the grant of protection and duration of applicability of these rights. For instance, a patent is granted for innovations that are novel, involves an inventive step and has industrial application. Such a patent is to be valid for a period of 20 years and is granted upon the mandatory condition according to which the inventor completely discloses the invention to the public. Likewise, the copyright is granted for literary, artistic, cinematographic and record works for 100 years minimum. The trademark protects a mark, brand name, company name, logo, smell and sound that distinguish one product from the other. Its duration does not exceed 10 years and is renewable for 5 years if the business is interested in protecting th e mark. The trade secrets is a protection for the subject matters that are not covered by any of the intellectual property rights, require unlimited protection or are of such a nature that a disclosure to the public might result in substantial loss for the owner. The trade secrets are a special protection that is recognized by the World Trade Organization’s Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. It has not been defined in a definite manner. The trade secrets are those secrets which attach considerable value to its owner, are of benefit to the competitors and can literally tarnish the image of the owner. They have a lifetime of protection unless not disclosed to public or stolen. The trade secret that is once leaked loses its secrecy. However, the owner of the trade secret can take action against such disclosure or theft if it is possible to prove that the trade secret was carefully locked in a secretive place, substantial measures were taken to keep the trade secret, the employees were not aware of the secret information, the top level employees, financial advisors, consultants, and any third parties, who were directly or indirectly involved with the trade secret, signed the Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDA). The court upon sufficient proof of the measures and value attached to the trade secret can order injunction that bars the thieves or the violators of NDAs from

Strategy Implementation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy Implementation - Term Paper Example Introduction The main purpose of the paper is a complete investigation of the various significant strategies that have been implemented by Southwest Airlines in order to attain its desired business objectives. The analysis of the strategy implementation of Southwest Airlines will be conducted on the basis of the organizational design, key strategic control procedures, providing primary concern towards human resource issues and the cultural factors that are present in Southwest Airlines. Moreover, the effect of these significant facets upon the implementation of the strategy of Southwest Airlines will also be taken into account in this particular paper. Thus, it can be stated that the analysis regarding the implementation of the assorted business strategies of Southwest Airlines will be accomplished by acquiring a brief idea about the above mentioned facets of Southwest Airlines. Organizational Design of Southwest Airlines The organizational design of Southwest Airlines is known to co mprise several areas that principally include the issues relating to control and authority, division of products, communication and potential market structures. Southwest Airlines emphasizes and possesses strong capability with regard to these significant areas. Due to the expansion of the business of Southwest Airlines, the organization follows a hybrid, complex, multi-divisional arrangement that is based upon vertical as well as horizontal differentiation and is quite concerned with maintaining a good relationship with the customers by offering them superior quality of service. The major reasons for Southwest Airlines to follow the multi-divisional organizational arrangement are the need for augmenting the competence of the organization, ensuring profitable growth as well as firm control. Moreover, according to the multi-dimensional organizational structure of Southwest Airlines, the organizational behavior is learnt to be controlled through an important aspect of internal upward mobility. This particular facet means that especially the divisional managers of the organization are usually groomed in order to enter the corporate world of Southwest Airlines. They are provided with attractive financial rewards in the form of incentives on the basis of their performance in order to get promoted to higher positions. Additionally, the organizational structure of Southwest Airlines is designed in such a way as to focus upon the demand of the consumers for the purpose of making effective decisions on the basis of their level of satisfaction and reaction (Dearinger, 2010). Key Strategic Control Systems of Southwest Airlines The most important key strategic control system of Southwest Airlines is about the establishment and the execution of point-to-point flights rather than employing the approach of â€Å"hub-and-spoke† mechanism. The application of point-to-point flights instead of utilizing hub or spoke arrangement is regarded as one of the vital airport hub strategies of Southwest Airlines. The other significant strategic control system of the organization is the application of online bookings for its large customer base through the website of the company. It has been apparent that a considerable amount of passenger revenue of Southwest Airlines is generated by the execution of online boo

Data Flow charts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Flow charts - Essay Example ss called decomposing, modelling hierarchy or leveling; this process of leveling is series of detailing diagrams until all the primitive functions are properly identified. When DFD fits on a single window is known as level 1 DFD. Level 2 is a DFD that expands the level 1 or top-level. All the levels below are level 3, level 3 and so on. A level that cannot be further be decomposed is called bottom-level process (Systems Analysis and Design, n.d.). Flowchart assists the auditors and accountants in analyzing the current system of the organization for the control loopholes and weakness ants the reporting the same to the management. This assists the auditors in defining the audit trail, follow it up and finally evaluate the system. Further it assists in assessment of the control risk of the company. The system analyst use the flowcharts to show how the information flows in an organization environment, thus each department is evaluated on the data is receiving and sending and makes sure only the valid and necessary data is

Nutrition in elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nutrition in elderly - Essay Example This population requires greater care as there are many reasons that lead to malnutrition in the elderly. These include different pathological conditions that restrict their dietary intake. The nutritional requirements of the elderly need to be assessed and explained so that this group of the population can be catered and the prevalence of malnutrition amongst the elderly can be reduced. Nutrition in Elderly Elderly people are subjected to the dilemma of malnutrition. Furthermore, efforts have been made to give them sufficient nutritional balance but there are still many hurdles that have stopped this process. First of all, the nutritional requirements of the elderly are sometimes not very well described. As the basal metabolic rate and lean body mass both decline as one grows old, the energy requirement of an older person per kilogram of his or her body weight also reduces. This process of ageing also adversely affects the different nutrient needs of the human body. For instance, as the requirements for some of the nutrients reduce over time, data suggests that other essential nutrients’ needs might further increase when a person gets old. Therefore, there is a pressing need to reconsider the currently recommended every day nutrient allowances for the elderly group. Additionally, there is a rising demand all across the world for guidelines by WHO which are capable to urge the national authorities to highlight the nutritional needs of the increasing elderly populations all over the world (BBC, 2012). Nutrition in elderly is therefore an important issue in nursing that needs to be understood as the nutritional requirements of the elderly are different from the other age groups. 1. Background Of The Issue a.) History Almost more than 1.4 million Americans who are above the age of sixty five reside in nursing homes according to the data collected by Department of Health and Human Services’ Administration on Aging in 2008. Nutrition does play a vital role in encouraging the health of elderly occupants of the nursing homes. Comprehending the facts about how these nursing homes cater the dietary and nutritional needs of their people can assist one in learning what to expect from them and also to look for a nursing home in the future (World Health Organization, 2012). b.) Advice for Interested People many federal and state regulations are there to help restrict serious nutrition problems from taking place in the nursing homes; but one should plan on taking a practical approach for the monitoring of the nutrient intake of the elderly. Whenever you are considering placing your elder one in a nursing home, you should talk to the staff about their nutritional program. Also, you should arrange for visiting on a meal time so that you can try the meal yourself as well. Then you can also review the facility’s procedure and policy manual which should exclusively explain the nutritional protocol and plan of the senior citizens home. N ow if you have any concerns, you can arrange for a meeting with the nutrition program director to discuss as well as solve any concerns you have regarding what your loved one is eating (World Health Organization, 2012). c.) Impact of Public Policy/Health care Delivery Nursing homes need to cater a wide range of healthy snacks and meals to their residents as well as sticking to the restrictions placed on the residents related to their diets. Those people who are not able to feed their own self need to be assisted by the staff. Weight loss and

America’s current policies Essay Example for Free

America’s current policies Essay Often, present generations, completely apathetic about their own sins, casts judgment upon the people who came before. This is not to say that, contrary to the prevailing wisdom currently choking our country, there are not absolute truths that were present during the inception of this country as well as in our present day. It is very unfortunate that some of our founding fathers held slaves; especially the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, who held nearly two hundred slaves at one time on his plantation at Monticello. We do not like that the father of freedom in America could not find it in himself to free his slaves. Jefferson’s own cousin, as well as a number of fellow Virginians freed their slaves. From 1780 until 1800, the population of free blacks in Virginia rose from just over 2,000 to more than 30,000. (Burns, 1997) Where is Thomas Jefferson? However, did those who contributed to the Constitution yet held slaves, serve to invalidate the Constitution or their own individual contributions? It would have to seem that it does. However, not to the same degree as some of America’s current policies invalidates our ability to even cast judgment on other generations in the first place. People in glass houses should not throw stones. This is a famous saying which can be applied to every person or generation who judges another while being less than perfect themselves. America is the 21st century is a far cry from America at its birth. The population, in 1776, was just under three million people. (McCullough, 2007 pg. 26) Last fall, America’s population exceeded three hundred million people. Technology has certainly made the world a much different place and America is not only the richest country in the world, it is also the most powerful. The founding fathers could scarily fathom what this country would become in a little more than two hundred years. However, would they be proud of what had been accomplished? In some ways, the founding fathers would be glowing with joy and pride. In other ways, they could not help but feel a great deal of shame and embarrassment at what America had become. In the past thirty years, revisionist historians have tried to tell Americans that this country was formed, not out of the pursuit of religious freedom as the Mayflower Compact reads but rather to make money and to expand their wealth and land holdings. Also, that the founding fathers were not deeply religious men but rather Deists who seemed apathetic towards absolute truths. These assertions are fallible to the core and scarily a student of history can accept such tripe. However, even the deists and atheists were still very moral men who were led by principles and not by what was convenient as they were men of the Enlightenment. Therefore, the question which should also be asked in conjunction with this theme is: Does America stand on any moral ground to even pass judgment in the first place on any past generation. Did our forefathers risk their lives so that more than thirty million babies could be aborted since 1973 and 40% of all children are now born without a father living in the home? Did our forefathers risk their lives so that more than 20,000 people could be murdered each year for the pursuit of money to buy drugs? When the forefathers secured freedom of speech, did that mean that pornographic movies could be shown on the television or curse words spewed at a dizzying rapidity? In a time when gay marriage is being pressed so heavily upon our members of Congress, would our forefathers; individuals who regarded the act as so impure, that they would go out of their way to describe such actions in an indirect way in their writings and all believed to be a sin? There can be added to this list, more than a dozen modern examples and whether or not one agrees that the aforementioned are problems in this country or not, our forefathers could not help but see them as grave mistakes and impediments on our history. It seems unlikely that those individuals, such as John Adams and George Washington, to name only a few; so fervent in their religious convictions, that they freely invoked the word of God in their writings and speeches, could have consented to such depravity. More than 35% of all of the quotes of America’s forefathers came from the Bible. Does America’s hunger for relativism and humanism disallow us from even being able to even ask the question: Were the actions of the forefathers pure enough to even form a country in the first place? For every person who would say no, there would be two of the aforementioned society which would say the same about us. Now, this is not to say that slavery was not extremely immoral which served as a cancer on our society at that time and created a legacy of racial hatred and inequality which is still present today. Anyone who believes that this country is one of the greatest in the world, if not the entire world as I do, such apathy towards our forefathers own words, has to invoke a degree of annoyance towards men who are revered for what the gave to future generations in the formation of a democratic, capitalist and free society. One wonders why a clear consciousness was not worth simply paying their workers a modest wage instead of forcing involuntary servitude. What was going through the minds when Thomas Jefferson introduced legislation to end slavery during the Constitutional Convention? Historians have argued that if Jefferson provided a hard line against slavery, then his other policies would have been pushed to the side and perhaps never passed. This is probably true. However, what stopped Jefferson from freeing his own slaves at Monticello? These questions may never be answered. So in the end, it would seem best for Americans to tread carefully when dismissing an entire generation and their works because of a sin which was all too apparent in 18th century America. Slavery was wrong? There is no doubt about that. However, has America lost most of its moral authority, as well as the rest of the West? This is to be sure. As more and more people turn away from the ideas of absolute truths and towards relativism and humanism, preferring instead what is convenient and not what is right, problems which America is now suffering, is its natural result. If the incompatibility of the actions and words of the slave holding forefathers invalidates their work, then it should be placed a top a very long list of this country’s ironic measures which have grown at an exponential rate in recent decades. WORKS CITED Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson New York: Thirteen Productions PBS 1997 McCullough, David 1776. New York: Scribners 2007

Mary Jones Case study Essay Example for Free

Mary Jones Case study Essay Coping styles can simply be defined as a person’s characteristics or strategies that are used in responding to various life problems and trauma. This can involve some thought, emotional or behaviors used by the affected individual to cope with such problems or circumstances. There are two broad types of copings styles, these are internalizing and externalizing coping style. Patients who â€Å"tend to locate the cause of their problems, even more than the resolution of the problems, within themselves† (Beutler Marnat, 2005 ) are consider to exercise internalizing coping styles. Patient that exhibit externalizing coping style tend to get angry more easily and blame all other people for their predicaments. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, active parties, and other activities that allow them to externalize their behaviors. Patient that exhibit Internalizing coping styles with disease condition tend to experience a very high level of distress and tend to make some self depressing comments about themselves. Such people may also show great capacity for insight. Internalizers also tend to withdraw from most social gatherings, prefer solitary environment and activities such as staying indoors, reading and listening to music. They want to do everything to reduce stimulation, reduce participating with other people in various social events and they also want to enjoy some relaxing event such as watching television. The aim of this paper is to objectively identify the causes of Mary Jones coping styles and help design adjustment plan which will integrate a strategy that will improve on herself image and worth , improve upon her present interpersonal relationship with people around her and her partner and also help her cope with the prognosis of the disease condition. It will also evaluate level of responses to her anxiety. Mary Jones In the case of Mary Jones, a 36 years old woman in a De Facto relationship and lawyer by profession with a medical history of ovarian cancer, unilateral ovariectomy, chemotherapy and ongoing task of coping with several situation and conditions such as adapting to loss of personal image and function, increase dependency, hospitalization, her partner’s need of children, fear, anxiety and anger. She tried to coping with those situations by externalizing her behavior and coping styles in the sense that she tend to blame others for her condition, punish and manipulate others, demand them to solve her problems, sole dependency with no sense of personal responsibility and resentment towards her partner. The major reasons for all these coping styles can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma that are associated with ovarian cancer, the changes in symptoms commonly seen in the condition and the increased anxiety level in regards to the prognosis of the disease state. Since we all experience and react to psychological and emotional trauma differently, Mary’s past experiences, relationship status, beliefs and the knowledge of signs and symptoms related to her condition all contribute to her present coping styles. She might have been so much concerned about the prognosis or the recurrence of the disease and the associated side effects of the medications. Since an ovary is needed to produce egg which will be fertilized by her partner’s sperm, now the ovary has been removed and there is higher tendency for the other ovary to have been affected and other parts of the body such as the lungs, the gastrointestinal tracts and kidney (Koushik Siemiatycki, 2009). Since the disease condition is associated with a very poor prognosis and actual removal of the ovary, which might result into infertility and inability to actually give birth to a child. This will affect her De Facto relationship because her partner wants children. Since there are several physical changes that are associated with chemotherapy and hospitalization, she might find it difficult to actually cope with all those changes both physically and her perception self. These changes will also affect her self esteem making her to act to actually prevent her from relating normally with her partner and her health care givers. Chemotherapy normally affects her sex life and also results in early menopause. Hence all these possibilities can lead to an increase in anxiety level which will subsequently affect her relationship with her partner. She might feel very tired hence depending on those people around her for help. Mary also needs to adjust to Pain, Fear and Anxiety associated with her condition, hence a need to change her present personality and behavior to the people around her and her partner. Her maladaptive coping styles actually cause more harm than good simply because she try externalizing her behavior by blaming and solely depending on her partner and health care provider whenever she needs help instead of helping herself out in those areas she still have the capacity to do so. Since there are no psychological or emotional intervention for helping her cope with her present condition, her negative behavioral modifications had hinder the development of good interpersonal relationship between her partner, care givers and her. Behavioral manifestations and their effects on Mary’s interpersonal relationship †¢ Blaming and punishing others for her problems- this coping strategy by Mary can be attributed to the psychological and emotional trauma associated with management of ovarian cancer. She’s actually trying to trying to transfer her feelings to the people around her by blaming them, making them feel they are somehow responsible for her predicament and also make them feel that they need to do something to help her. She might also try blaming others so as not to take the responsibility of her predicament or by trying to avoid the reality. This coping style will hinder the development of effective interpersonal relationship between Mary and the people around simply because the affected individual will get to a stage whereby they will not be able to cope with her actions hence they try withdrawing from helping her. †¢ Covertly punishing and manipulating others- this coping style or strategy is still within the context of her trying shifting her blame to others in the sense that she want to manipulate people around her to get what she want. This attitude will hinder the trust between her and people around. Trust is vital to development of an effective relationship, hence when she manipulate people she directly or indirectly affects her interpersonal relationship and also the treatment meant to be given to her. †¢ Demanding others solve her problems for her- demanding others to help solve her problem can something be good coping styles because patients in her situation will need the help of people around her so as be able to reduce the level of stress and anxiety associated with the condition. Excessive demand of people to solve her problems will have a negative effect on herself responsibility †¢ Resentment towards her partner believing he â€Å"does not understand†- Mary’s feeling of resentment can be attributed to her belief that her partner does not really understand what she’s going through presently simply because he still articulate his need for children. This feeling will affect her thoughts and perception of her De Facto relationship and subsequently increase her anxiety level. There is high possibility that the fear of her losing her partner will be the major factor leading her to such feeling towards her partner. Helping Mary cope with her present medical condition Helping Mary out of her present maladaptive coping style, require a multidisciplinary approach that will have to focus on the psychological, emotional, social, health and the interpersonal relationship aspect of her behavior. She will be referred to behavioral therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist, social workers and physician. the behavioral therapist will help identify the causes of the maladaptive behavior, measure the coping styles by the use of scales like Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory which is a software that can help measure and analyzed the coping styles (Frankel, 2009) or the use of direct questions in regards to her actions, thoughts, feelings, how she view her problems being caused by other people or external situations. The therapist intervention can then be focused on the result of the analysis which can either be towards the control of symptoms or insight (symptoms in the case of Mary). Psychologist will try and identify previous psychosocial and environmental factors leading to her present behavior and find ways of eliminating such predisposing factors. The psychologist will also try and adopt new viewpoint or set of behavior which will influences are interpersonal relationship and help her adjust to good coping styles. Some of the adaptive coping styles can be in form of knowing what to expect, maintaining a strong support system, let people help her, be proactive, taking time for herself, and setting reasonable goals. Social workers will try and invite the partner and educate both of them on the present condition so as to help her solve the issue of resentment towards the partner and also build trust between both of them. The physician will educate her on the prognosis of her condition, the fact that she might still bear children with other ovary and reassurance of good life after therapy. The physician will also educate her on the associated side effect of the chemotherapy and the facts that the side effect are only for some time and when properly manage, she can still live a good life with her partner. Strategies helping her partner and health care givers †¢ Patience- the partner and the health care givers should try and be patient with her so as not to take her present coping style against her. They should also try and understand her feelings in regards to her situation †¢ Encouragement- people in Mary’s situation need words of encouragement and support from the family members and health care giver. Her partner must ensure to always encourage her so as to create a sense of support which will ultimately affect the interpersonal relationship between both of them Responses to anxiety level Everybody has various degrees of responses to anxiety. These degree or level of response are mild, moderate, severe and the panic level. Mild and moderate level of responses to anxiety is still normal but in the case of severe and panic level, the individual is said to have anxiety disorders. In the case of Mary Jones her responses to anxiety level are as follows; cognitive or perpetual response at mild level by showing disorganized thought which tend to be uncontrollable. At the moderate response level, she tend to show uncomfortable experience by her interpersonal relationship while at the severe level of response she tend to show a response that can be attributed to a narrowed perpetual field and difficulty in problem solving, hence she tend to depend on her partner and health givers to solve all her problems. The last level of response was the panic level where she tends to show emotional or behavioral changes or responses by showing loss of control and feel angry and terrified and tend to be angry with her partner and care givers. Conclusion Considering Mary’s present health status and maladaptive coping strategies or styles, there is strong tendency for her status and coping style to change for better simply because of the various outlined interventions which would help her cope with life after ovariectomy and chemotherapy. Also some strategies that can help her partner and health givers cope with her present and the proposed coping styles have also been outlined. Besides, removing one ovary is not the end of her life, even women who have undergone bilateral ovariectomy can still have children with the help of advancement in technology. References Beutler, L. , Marnat. , (2005). â€Å"Integrative Assessment of Adult Personality†. Second Edition. Retrieved August 5, 2009 from http://books. google. com. gh/books? id=4puU3KqlEjcCpg=PA115lpg=PA115dq=externalizing+coping+stylessource=blots=K1V89eXR6asig=xRaYZ6xi4e_SB1zhpjSGF9j96Ishl=enei=lVV5SpXzKoSIMY7alaMOsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1#v=onepageq=externalizing%20coping%20stylesf=false