Cat Dissection Structures Essay

Healthy kidneys make hormones such as renin and angiotensin. These hormones regulate how much sodium (salt) and fluid the body keeps, and how well the blood vessels can expand and contract. This, in turn, helps control blood pressure. They do this by regulating: †¢ The amount of water in the body. If there is too much water in the body (fluid overload) blood pressure will go up. If there is too little water in the body (dehydration) the blood pressure will drop. †¢ The width of the arteries. The arteries constantly change in width as blood flows through them. The narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure. Renin helps control narrowing of the arteries. Failing kidneys often make too much renin. This raises blood pressure. If your blood pressure is high, your heart is working harder than normal to pump blood through your body. High blood pressure (also called hypertension) caused by a breakdown in these functions is common in people with kidney failure. It is also a complication, a secondary condition caused by kidney failure. †¢ RBC production? o The urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. . What structures enter or exit at the hilum of the kidney? †¢ Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at the hilum Know the anatomy of the kidney so that you could recognize the following parts from a description or on a diagram: capsule, hilum, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, cortex, medulla, papillae, renal columns, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis. The Kidney is bean-shaped and located in the lumbar region of the body. The kidney is described as being Retroperitoneal-that is, it is located between the dorsal body wall nd the parietal peritoneum. 1. An average human kidney weighs about 5 ounces. 2. Sitting on top of each kidney is a single adrenal gland that essentially has no influence on the kidney. B. The Renal Hilum-vertical cleft on the medial surface of the kidney, that leads into an internal space within the kidney known as the Renal Sinus. 1. The ureter, the renal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves all join each other at the hilum and occupy the renal sinus. C. There are Three Layers of Support Tissue Surrounding each kidney. The layers are: 1. The Fibrous Capsule-a capsule-like layer that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney. 2. The Perirenal Fat Capsule-a thick layer of adipose tissue that attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall and cushions it against blows. 3. The Renal Fascia-an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and adrenal glands to surrounding tissues.   Three Distinct Internal Segments in the Human Kidney: 1. The Renal Cortex-light colored, superficial region of the kidney. This area has a granular appearance. . The Renal Medulla-a dark red or brown colored region in the kidney. The medulla contains cone-shaped areas known as the Medullary or Renal Pyramids. a. The base of each pyramid faces towards the cortex and the apex (Papilla) points internally. b. The pyramids contain bundles of microscopic urine-collecting tubules and capillaries. Structures known as the Renal Columns separate the pyramids from each other. c. Each pyramid and its surr ounding tissue makes up one of eight lobes of a kidney. 3. The Renal Pelvis-a funnel-shaped tube that is continuous with the ureter leaving he hilum. a. Branching extensions of the Pelvis form two or three Major Calyces, each of which subdivides to form several Minor Calyces. b. The Minor Calyces are cup-shaped areas that enclose the papillae of the pyramids. 1) The calyces collect urine, which drains from the papillae, and empty into the renal pelvis. The urine then flows through the renal pelvis and into the ureter which moves it to the bladder where it is stored. 2) Smooth muscle lines the walls of the calyces, the pelvis and the ureter. Urine is pushed through these areas via peristalsis. In what part of the kidney are most of the nephrons located? Renal Cortex 4. Blood supply of the kidney: †¢ Branch of aorta that enters kidney is the renal artery, which divides several times as it moves toward the cortex. †¢ At the base of the renal pyramids, the arcuate arteries branch into interlobular arteries that branch into afferent arterioles that deliver blood to the glomerulus. †¢ The efferent arterioles exit the glomerulus and give rise to the peritubular and vasa recta capillaries surrounding the renal tubule. Secretion and reabsorption occurs between the tubule and bloodstream in these capillaries.

Themes in Little Women

Themes in Little Women English 472 Devotion to the family and parental approval are themes weaved throughout Little Women, a novel by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott details the lives of Jo, Meg, Beth and Amy to show their gradual maturation and acceptance of traditional familial roles as they would have been in 19th Century New England. The story opens with the father of the March family away at war and the women in the family pull together to get by in his absence. The scenes of them working together in the house to be sure that everything was done, and the scenes of them passing time together were very touching.During the hardship they stayed together and grew closer together. This tone in the family is set by Mrs. March. She is the voice of faith and reason in Alcott’s story. The girls not only heed her advice but seek it out frequently as if she were an oracle. Alcott introduces the reader to the four March sisters with descriptions of their general look and characteristics. Jo is utterly unladylike, Meg and Amy are vain and envious of other girls and Beth is a painfully shy homebody. As soon as Mrs. March enters the room, all girls rush immediately to attend to their matriarch. Even Mr.March gives direction from the warfront in a letter to his family. â€Å"I know they†¦ will do their duties faithfully, fight their bosom enemies bravely, and conquer themselves so beautifully that when I come back to them I may be fonder and prouder than ever of my little women (p. 12). The enemies the sisters must face in the first few chapters are selfishness, temper, discontent and quarrelsomeness. The will defeat their enemies as long as they can exercise self-control. To fail in theses endeavors would be to deny the wishes of their mother and father: possibly the worst offense they can imagine.Jo is most obvious example of subversion of cultural and parental norms. Initially she wants nothing to do with marriage and the domestic life. Jo feels her temper is her greatest fault. When she has nearly given up on her efforts to control herself, Marmee steps in to advise her. â€Å"I am angry nearly every day of my life, Jo. But I have learned not to show it; and I still hope to learn not to feel it, though it may take me another forty years to do so. † Mrs. March is the model of the virtue. It does not matter if she is speaking from her own experience or not. It is that Marmee knows exactly what to say to mend her frazzled daughter (p. 8). Laurie, who is a male equivalent to Jo, is kind and generous, but also spoiled, undisciplined and lazy. His family demonstrates the consequences of not loving and caring before family above all else. Laurie’s father ran away from the elder Mr. Lawrence to marry a woman against the wishes of his father. Whatever happened to Laurie’s father and mother we do not know; only that they had died. Of course Laurie changes over time with the influences of all the March women. In fact his becomes a member of the family long before he is wed to Amy. They called him â€Å"brother† throughout the novel.Laurie embraced the March girls like a brother in speech and manner. When Beth was sick with Scarlet fever he called for Mrs. March to return without the girls knowledge. (p. 179) He made this decision against the will of Hannah and it demonstrates his important place as a loving member of the March family. By the time Meg has married John Brooke, she is living away from the family home but is as dedicated to her mother as ever. When the Demi and Daisy are young Meg struggles to care for her little ones, forsaking all other responsibilities. Her marriage suffers and John soon felt like an unwelcome figure in his home.Meg feels she has been wrong and pleads her case to Marmee. Meg is surprised to discover she is the one responsible for the stained relationship. â€Å"You have only made the mistake that most young people make,—forgotten your duty to your husband in y our love for your children† (p. 376). Once Meg allowed John to take care of the discipline of Demi, she finds he is better at controlling their son and she is saved the energy and fret. While Mrs. March never insisted all her daughters be married, there is suggestion that whatever choices they make must meet the approval of their parents.When Jo learned Mr. Brooke was interested in marrying Meg, she protests the idea of a marriage. Mrs. March assures Jo that Meg will not leave the family quite yet. â€Å"Your father and I have agreed that she shall not bind herself in any way, nor be married, before twenty† (p. 196). This line suggests that such a life decision was not wholly up to Meg, but would be made at their discretion. Often Little Women seems to be a guidebook for women transitioning from girls to motherhood. Despite their different hopes for the future all of the women become adoring wives and mothers.Joe gives up writing â€Å"trash† for money and writes what is in her heart, but her work became secondary to her job as mother to her own children and the boys in her little school. Amy never stops drawing but gives up her dreams of painting in Rome and Paris for a domestic life with Laurie. Meg, who wanted to be married all along, gives up her desire for money and servants for the love of a good and decent man. Through the characters and events in the book, Alcott promotes devotion, self-restraint and loyal for the betterment of family and above all else.

Hibernation and Food Essay

When the season is changing and it is getting colder, you know that winter is coming. Animals, which are able to migrate , fly to the south to spend the winter in warmer places. What if you are an animal who is not able to fly to sunny Spain during the cold winter months? You gather a lot of nuts, find a nice den to lie in, curl up into a ball and sleep through the winter, but is that all there is to it? The common name for this event is hibernation, but scientists call it torpor or deep sleep. It is a way for animals to live in an area where during several months of the year the conditions are inhabitable for them due to food scarcity or extreme temperature change. When the conditions improve and the temperatures are up to their living standard, they can continue with their normal activities . To be able to understand completely what hibernation is it is necessary to explain the three different types of torpor. The three different types of torpor are long-term torpor or hibernation, summer torpor or aestivation and daily torpor . Hibernation or long-term torpor is an animal’s ability to adjust to cold winter temperatures and the short supply of food during these months. The animal does this by lowering its body temperature to a minimal in order to preserve energy and to slow down its metabolism . The body temperature of most animals will degrease to as low as 1˚ or 2˚C. Before the animal can start hibernating, he needs to collect food. The storage of food is essential for the animal to survive the deep sleep. This allows them to remain alive for a very long time on small supplies of energy stored in the body fat or from the food, they hoarded in their burrow. Some animals, like squirrels, do not sleep the whole time. They awaken every week or two for a couple of hours to warm up to about 37˚C so they are able to maintain their burrow. The reheating of the body costs a lot of energy. To do that multiple times during the hibernation they store extra food . It also gives certain animals a chance to raise their young during the winter months in order to protect them from other animals and the harsh climate. Examples of hibernating animals are bears, bats, squirrels, hamsters, racoons and badgers. Aestivation or summer torpor is very similar to hibernation, but in a hot or dry season of the year which does not necessarily mean during the summer. It is characterised by reduced metabolism and idleness, which allows animals to survive during increasing temperatures and limited water supplies . The animal lowers its metabolism and goes into a state of dormancy . Because this state happens during hot or dry season, the storage of water is essential. They also store food but not in the same quantities as during hibernation. Examples of aestivating animals are toads, frogs, tortoises and prairie dogs. Daily torpor is a way for animals with high metabolism to be able to preserve their feeding patterns. A hummingbird uses so much energy when it is trying to hover next to a flower that it needs the torpor to be able to feed again. Animals, which need daily torpor, use a lot of energy so they need to be able to feed as soon as they come out of their torpor. During the hours when they cannot feed, torpor makes it possible for them to live on stored energy. The animal goes into daily torpor without preparation and is able to do this by lowering its own body temperature. Even if there is not a shortage of food and the animal has enough energy left it still goes into its daily torpor. It has become build in with its own routine . Examples of animals that go into daily torpor are skunks, shrews, deer mice and gerbils. If it is a bear who needs to survive the winter and welcome the warm summer or if it is a kangaroo mouse who needs to survive the Sahara desert, torpor is necessary for animals to be able to stay alive. That means in cold surroundings but also during the heat of the deserts or just to survive at all. The three different types of torpor show that animals are able to adept and remain alive in all sorts of climates and conditions.

Depend on you ( follow the instruction) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depend on you ( follow the instruction) - Essay Example ided that there was no way he could rationalize faith, and discovered another way to figure out the â€Å"truth† which was that of immediate experience which is based on imagination and intuition, not rationality. This is what is taught in the Sufi faith. Ghazali went to Syria to rediscover Islam, and went to live with the Sufi monks. Then he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was during this pilgrimage that he was convinced that he was appointed to be a great reformer of the faith of Islam and his task was to inspire people. He went on to live in seclusion after this part of his life. He died in December 1111. Al Ghazali’s Alchemy of Happiness is one of the many books he wrote during his lifetime. This book shares what he thought of the significance of spirituality and religion in mankind’s quest for happiness. The book itself starts with the words, â€Å"He who knows himself is truly happy†. For Al Ghazali, everyone is perfect but that perfection is covered with the accumulation of worldly passions and animalistic desires. Thus, for him, mankind only requires â€Å"polishing† to achieve that perfection; to be polished is to â€Å"purify the heart from passion and resentment until, like a clear mirror, reflects the light of God†. For him, music and dance are perfect ways of achieving happiness. This is exemplified in the Sufi dervishes. Sufi dervishes are basically spinning, and spinning basically presents the idea that everything revolves around God and He is the center of every activity, as well as he surrounds every activity. As he said, â€Å"music and dance do not put into the heart what is not there already, but only fan into a flame of dormant emotions†. Also, his views on love and marriage proved to be philosophical as well. For him, marriage is an important part in our lives, mainly for the â€Å"worshippers to increase in number†. Although Al Ghazali may be chauvinistic at some point, stating that marriage is convenient because there will be someone to

Economic inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic inflation - Essay Example Inflation is the consistent and sustained general price increase of commodities over a period of time leading to fewer goods being purchased with every unit of the current currency. Inflation indicates a loss in the purchasing power based on each unit of money within an economy. This is measured through the consumer price index over specified duration of time (Hart, 2009). There are two major causes of inflation in any economy which are the demand-pull inflation and the cost-push inflation both of which will be discussed below in detail and their effects explained as well. Causes The demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand of the goods or services exceed the ability to produce them or exceed the supply. Suppliers start increasing the prices of the reduced goods and services when they start realizing its diminishing supply. If this continues, the central bank starts increasing the supply of money as a reaction to the aggregate demand. With the increase in money supply in circulat ion, businesses cannot increase the production and hence supply remains constant for a short while but this leads in the long run to an increase in equilibrium and prices rise resulting therefore to inflation (Tucker, 2012). According to the illustration, Demand moves from D0 to D1, the supply remains constant for a while but then the equilibrium shifts from A to B leading to price increase and hence inflation. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. The cost-push inflation is the other cause of inflation where there is an increase in cost of production which ultimately leads to an increase in the prices of raw materials and wages. This increased cost by the firms is passed on to consumers. The cost-push inflation is caused by a monopoly company, inflation in the wages, natural disasters, when the natural resources deplete, when the foreign exchange rates fall leading to a reduction in the imports or by the government when it increases its taxation (Tucker, 2012). All the above mentioned situations lead to a reduction in supplies. In the illustration, when the production cost increases caused by any of the above mentioned factors, the supply reduces from S0 to S1. The high demand and the reduced supply leads to a shift in the equilibrium and ultimately an increase in the price level from Z to Y causing inflation to take place. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. Effects There are positive and negative effects of inflation. The positive effects of inflation include the fact that with inflation, the central banks adjust the interest rates as a way to mitigate the economic recession. This then leads to a ripple effect as banks also adjust their interest rates causing more people to take up loans and mortgages in a bid to deal with the consistently increasing prices and diminished supply. The banks therefore benefit from all this even though mainly it is for a short while depending on how long the inflation last (if it lasts for lon g, the loose as people will be unable to repay the loans and mortgages). The other positive effect is that with the inflation looming, investment is directed to non-monetary projects which otherwise suffer when there is no inflation as people do not get time to invest their time and energy on them but with inflation they become able to (Dwivedi, 2010). The negative effects however surpass the positive ones. These negative effects range from loss of employment leading to massive unemployment as companies which cannot afford to pay wages dismisses their workforce leaving only a few who are overworked with no pay increase while others close their doors as they declare bankruptcy. There is also the fact that people start reducing their spending and usage rates as commodities become rare or the money to buy them dwindles causing a change in the number of meals per day, others go hungry and homeless as they fail to repay to mortgages or their other debts

The treatment of vertical agreements in EC competition law has changed Essay - 1

The treatment of vertical agreements in EC competition law has changed significantly during the last ten years - Essay Example n years, it is necessary to explain of Article 81 EC, the requirements for the exemption under Article 81(3) and under Commission Regulation 2790/99 on vertical restraints and considering old regulations and relevant case law1. Article 81 regulates anti-competitive behaviour in a wide range of scenarios and has been applied with reference to what the EU is trying to achieve: a level playing field2 for competition within an internal market. The aim of achieving market integration between the Member States is apparent in many rulings of the Commission and European courts. Article 81(1) provides that â€Å"all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices and which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market shall be prohibited. In Article 81(3) the conditions for exemption from Article 81(1) are laid down. The way in which the ECJ has interpreted these concepts and requirements will be examined in the following subsection. According to the (C-41/90 Hofner and Elser3), the meaning of undertakings is ‘The concept of undertaking encompasses every entity engaged in an economic activity regardless of the legal status of the entity and the way in which it is financed’. This means that any entity carrying on a commercial or economic activity (company, partnership, sole trader, co-operative) is subject to the competition rules, including individual professionals, non-profit- making services, public utilities, and even public authorities when they are acting commercially, but not when exercising their official authority [Case 30/87 Corinne Bodson v Pompes Funà ¨bres des Regions Libà ©rà ©es4]. Under Article 81, there is first a finding of infringement under Article 81(1). The weighing of the pro- and anti-competitive effects of an agreement only takes place under Article 81(3) which allows exemption for

The Joy Luck Club (novel) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Joy Luck Club (novel) - Essay Example She not only accomplishes the goal of her mother on her behalf, but also gets to learn more about her mother as a result of the unique experience of reuniting with her long lost and never seen before half-sisters. Jing-mei and Waverly share the feeling of regret of having lost ties with their indigenous Chinese culture in their attempts to identify themselves with the Americans. Jing-mei and Waverly share the same cultural differences with their respective mothers which also happen to be the cause of misunderstandings between the daughters and the mothers. On one hand, Jing-mei does not find her mother as supportive, understanding, and leveraging as she would like her to be as an American and on the other hand, Waverly is uncomfortable with and afraid of the criticism that her mother offers to Waverly’s fiance Rich; â€Å"But I worried for Rich. Because I knew my feelings for him were vulnerable to being felled by my mother’s suspicions, passing remarks, and innuendosà ¢â‚¬  (Tan 175). ... Waverly seems to be setting the standards and Jing-mei seems to be knocked out mostly. This can be fundamentally attributed to the fact that rather than realize her own potential and qualities, Jing-mei keeps comparing herself to Waverly all the time. Waverly inherits invisible strength from her mother that she uses to strategize, and when she does that to Jing-mei, Jing-mei feels downplayed. The very strength makes Waverly develop a sense of competitiveness because of which, she becomes Jing-mei’s rival and insults her at the dinner of Suyuan’s New Year in front of others. Jing-mei finds Waverly too difficult and offensive to talk to. She explains this in these words, â€Å"I felt like screaming. She could be so sneaky with her insults. Every time I asked her the simplest of tax questions, for example, she could turn the conversation around and make it seem as if I were too cheap to pay for her legal advice† (Tan 204). The Episode of crabs illustrates that Waver ly wants only the very best and is intelligent enough to choose it while Jing-mei is not which is why she does not know what are the best qualities to look for in a crab and also she gets belittled by Waverly at the dinner. Jing-mei’s relation toward Waverly changes over time as she reflects upon her own weaknesses. She realizes that in her attempt to keep competing with Waverly, she has been finding herself coming up short; â€Å"I turned on the water to wash the dishes. And I no longer felt angry at Waverly. I felt tired and foolish, as if I had been running to escape someone chasing me, only to look behind and discover there was no one there† (Tan 207). In spite of her weaknesses and insecurities, Jing-mei has a lot of room for improvement and she does improve as the novel

Several Topics(Marketing 301) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Several Topics(Marketing 301) - Essay Example (Daily Herald, October 5, 2005). Elderly people spend 2,800 pounds for leisure services for the 50 to 65 age group compared with pounds 1,700 for the under-30s age group. As they grow older beyond 65 years, they are demanding more from companies that supply them with goods and services. Since these silver spenders are better off, they are fitter, more active and generally will have more money. They will look for gym and fitness services, spa and sports facilities and even retirement villages. Clothing demand will sharply increase as older people still like to look good. Cosmetics need to take into account that older women’s skin tends to be drier. Domestic appliances need some changes in design so as to allow grandparents to buy appliances that consider their needs. Housing design has to consider the needs of grandparents. For example, wider doors to accommodate wheelchairs are just as much use for young mothers with prams, and a downstairs toilet in a house is an asset to everyone in the family, not just for those who find it difficult to climb stairs." The companies responsible for the creation of consumer electronics, household appliances, communications devices, information services, telemedicine, telecare and social alarms need to combine digital technologies, ageing and health, elderly consumer psychology and product design. After having done a nonprobability sample with a population of young college students, I found out that marketing coupons are very useful in influencing this target group to avail of this specific marketing promotions. The McDonalds store makes use of this marketing coupons as part of their regular promotions to entice students to take their lunch and breakfast in the store. The Nikeâ€Å"Just Do It† campaign has attention, interest, desire and action written all over this printed advertisement. This printed ad has captured the corporate philosophy of grit,

Explain the phenomenon of organisational commitment and analyse its Essay

Explain the phenomenon of organisational commitment and analyse its alleged relationship with organisational performance - Essay Example The most widely studied outcomes include employee retention, attendance, organizational citizenship, and job performance (Angle and Perry, 1981). Organizational commitment has become one of the major concerns of human resource these days. The enhancement of employees performance is issue for both profit and non-profit organizations. Non-profit organizations usually find it difficult to deal with this issue because of their inability to provide their employees with competitive compensations and benefits (Riveros andTsai,2011). One of the important objectives of an organizations human resource team is to keep employees motivated. It is because employees motivation results in commitment which in turn improves their performance and declines their desire to leave the organization. In order to achieve these results, organizations can devise a positive reward system. The purpose of this reward system is to retain employees. A positive reward system may include financial as well as non-financial rewards but mostly, non-financial rewards are proved effective to retain employees (Riveros and Tsai, 2011). Organizational commitment is a topic which has been studied by several authors. Nevertheless, the most important contribution was made by Modway, Steers and Porter (1979) in the form of Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. In order to fathom the importance of organizational commitment, it is important to clarify the concept (Riveros and Tsai, 2011). According to Colarelli and Bishop (1990), organizational commitment involves commitment to an organization as well as organizational goals. Allen and Meyer also proposed a measurement of organizational commitment in 1990. According to them, there are three components of organizational commitment including affective, continuance, and normative. The affective components include employees emotional attachment and their identification with the organization.

Financial Statement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Essay Example 10 2.5 Comparison with competitor 10 Conclusion 11 Appendix I 12 Appendix II 13 Appendix III 14 References 17 Executive Summary This report discusses the finance performance and position of Tesco Plc for the recent 5 years (2006-2010), analyzes the short term and long term prospects of Tesco Plc and the investment attractiveness in its equity shares. Based on the analysis, Tesco Plc showed a strong past track record with continuous expansion through acquisitions and new selling space. Growth was slow in 2008-2009 due to the economic storm experienced but has resumed quickly. The balance sheet is strong with healthy solvency position and shareholder returns are encouraging with 5 consecutive years of enhanced dividend and increased Group Earnings per Share. Comparison with its UK retail peer, Morrisons is conducted and the result revealed that Tesco Plc is still ahead of its competitor. It is discovered that Tesco Plc is currently facing challenge from the intense competition in the U K due to the great promotional offers and price cut from the discount retailers such as Asda and Aldi. However, strong growth is expected from its international retail and the future outlook of the Company remains positive. A strong buy recommendation is proposed after reviewing broker’s recommendations and the performance of the Company. 1. Introduction 1.1 Aims and Objectives of the report The aims and objectives of this report include: To obtain an overview of the financial performance and position of Tesco Plc for the recent 5 years (2006-2010). To analyze the short term and long term prospects of Tesco Plc and the investment attractiveness in its equity shares. This report would begin with the historical evolution of Tesco Plc followed by an in depth analysis on its financial performance for the recent 5 years (2006-2010) together with a comparison against its competitor and calculation on beta discussing on how the returns of the share is correlated to the returns of th e stock market. Recommendation on whether to invest in its equity shares is suggested at the end of the report based on the comprehensive analysis done in terms on its short and long term prospects. 1.2 Historical evolution of Tesco Plc Tesco Plc is one of the world’s leading retailers founded by Jack Cohen when he started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London in 1919 and opened his first stall in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, North London. It was listed in the Stock Exchange with a share price of 25p in 1947 and continued to grow through acquisitions and opening of new stores in the 1960s with a chain of over 212 stores in the North of England. Tesco started to diversify its business by opening petrol stations in 1974. The first international retail unit was launched in Hungary in 1995 and today, its international operations cover China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Tur key and United States. (Tesco Plc, 2011) The core purpose of Tesco Plc is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty and its success depends on people, both customers and employees and emphasize on a sustainable long term growth

Affects of Capital Punishment on Society Essay Example for Free

Affects of Capital Punishment on Society Essay To take a life when a life has been lost is revenge, not justice ( qtd. in Anti-Death Penalty). Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has been around in some sort of variation for centuries. It is enforced upon criminals who have been convicted of the most heinous crimes, such as homicide. There have been debates throughout time as whether or not the death penalty is appropriate punishment. Valid arguments of support and contradiction of capital punishment have come up over time, making citizens believe it is a tough decision for lawmakers to choose whether or not to allow the death penalty. The decision is simple. Capital Punishment should be abolished throughout the country because it is an unfair and unnecessary way of castigation that contains many flaws and serves no justice for those involved. Executions have been held in the United States as far back as history recognizes. Beginning in 1976, states have begun to come to their senses and finally abolish the death penalty. The number of American civilians who oppose the death penalty have also more than double since then, showing that more than one-third of the population now oppose capital punishment ( 2001Jost 948). Since 1976, more that 1,000 executions have occurred in the United States. Between the thirty-eight states that approve of the death penalty, and the thirty-two that have used in since 1976, there are five different execution methods that are available, each having their disadvantages ( Friedman 85). The first of these execution styles is death by hanging. Until the late 1800s, this type of murder was the primary execution type in the united states. Many states have since stopped hangings, but it has not been gotten rid of completely. Currently, it is still used in Delaware, Washington, and New Hampshire. The last record execution hanging dates back to January 25, 1996 in Delaware, when Billie Bailey was hung for being convicted of the murder of an elderly couple. Hanging is just one of the several disturbing ways in which justice is served in America ( Friedman 74). Another way of performing the death penalty is by the use of lethal gas. It is arguably the least violent of execution methods, and it does not mar, or disfigure, the body. There is little pain involved, and it takes minimal time to perform. Several states use this type of execution, including California, Maryland, Mississippi, and Wyoming. The latest recorded execution by lethal gas was in 1999 in Arizona ( Friedman 74). If there were such a thing as the best execution method, this would be the one. The rarest of type of performing capital punishment is by the use of a firing squad. First, the convicted is led into an execution room where he will sit upon a blood absorbing chair. He is placed before five gunmen, holding four bullet guns and a blank, so that the killers would not be identified. After being covered with a black hood, members of the firing squad aim for the heart, instantly killing the criminal. The latest firing squad execution was in January of 1996, when John Albert Taylor of Utah was sentenced to the death penalty. Death by firing squad is very uncommon and is used only upon an inmates request ( Friedman 74). The most currently used method of capital punishment is lethal injection. The performance consists of three drugs entering the bloodstream. They include sodium pentothal, which knocks out the person, pancuronium bromide, which causes widespread paralysis, and lastly, potassium chloride, which induces a heart attack, killing the convicted criminal. Death penalty supporters believe this type of injection is the most humane, because it is said that once the first drug enters the bloodstream, that the victim drifts off to sleep and feels no pain. However, there is no proof backing this theory up, and taking into the consideration of the strength of potassium chloride, it is nearly impossible to believe that the person does not feel any pain ( Friedman 77). Lastly, electrocution is the fifth and final type of execution. First introduced in the 1880s, it is currently the second most common type of criminal murder behind lethal injection. The process begins with the criminal being thoroughly shaved to avoid interference with the electrical current. Then they are strapped into an electrocution chair. A saline-moistened sponge is placed upon the persons head to conduct the electric current that flows throughout the body. This is then covered by a metal hat. The prisoner is then blindfolded. A flip is then switched, sending anywhere from 500-2000 volts of electricity through the body, hoping to kill the person within seconds. Ten states allow this type of execution, and it is the only type of execution permitted in Nebraska. It is by far the most cruel type of criminal punishment, due to the fact that the prisoner is caused an immense amount of pain. A specific case involving this occurred in Alabama in 1983. John Louis Evans caught fire whi le being executed, and it took over 14 minutes before he was finally pronounced dead. All types of the death penalty are brutal murders, but electrocution by far is the worst ( Friedman 75). Because the current death penalty law, while neutral on its face, is applied in such a manner that people of color and the poor are disproportionately condemned to die, the law is legally and morally invalid ( qtd. in Friedman 61). Capital Punishment is a heinous type of punishment as it is, and the fact the majority of cases are unfair makes it even worse. If the death penalty is to continue, a better effort at least needs to be made to make sure that only defendants that by the lawmakers standards deserve to be killed shall be executed. Whether the situation involves racism, the region in which the crime is committed in, financial wealth, or mental capacity, the death penalty is being unfairly applied upon too many individuals. Racism is one of the most common ways in which Capital punishment is unfairly enforced. In the year 2000, a series of studies was done by the United States Department of Justice. Results from the study show that Caucasians were more than twice as likely to receive plea-bargains in homicide cases than black defendants. A separate study showed that it was at least twice as likely that the prosecution would seek the death penalty if a black person killed a white person, than if a white person killed a black person. A similar 3,900 case study by Jack Boger, a law professor at the University of North Carolina, confirms the statement that if a white human is murdered, it is twice as likely the prosecution will seek the death penalty ( Progressive 135-36). The amount of black criminals that are on death row are beyond all imaginations. Richard Dieter, executive director of the Washington Death Penalty Information Center, did a studying on criminal cases in which capital punishment was sought by the prosecution. Results showed that 72% of these cases involved a black defendant. Amnesty International is also one of the many organizations that believe too that the death penalty is racist. The organizations evidence shows that since 1977, the amount of black and white murder victims are nearly equal. However, over 80% of these homicides that received the death penalty involved having a white victim ( 2001Jost 952). Black people are unfairly treated when it comes to capital punishment, but they are definitely not the only ones. Secondly, the unfairness of capital punishment is brought out by a defendants wealth. Poor defendants receive attorneys who are inexperienced, underpaid, and unmotivated, giving them slim chances of having a chance of innocence. A statement from the United Nations Human Rights Commission stated that an poverty-stricken criminals chances of receiving the death penalty increase immensely compared to a rich person, only because of a poor defensive argument ( Parks 57). Amnesty International also reports that 95% of inmates on death row are not even wealthy enough to afford their own attorney, possibly being the reason that they are there ( 2010Jost 973). Although it is said that money cannot buy happiness, it sure has the ability to keep a convicted criminal alive. Over the past few decades, it has been evident that many parts of the country overuse the death penalty quite a bit. In a 2004 study by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, it shows that that the south has carried out 85% of the nations executions, with over half of executions in the United States coming from Virginia, Florida, and Texas, who leads the nation with over 375 executions since 1976 ( 2005Jost 789). Also, out of the top ten states in which capital punishment is used most, the furthest north is the state of Virginia. With all the evidence pointing towards the south becoming a safer place by executing vicious criminals, it is actually the exact opposite. The south has the highest crime rate throughout the country by far, and is the most dangerous region to live in. On the other hand, the northeast has performed the least number of executions. The region also has the lowest murder rate in the country ( Friedman 37). Evidence clearly shows that the south is executing way too many people, and it part of the explanation as to why the south has so many homicides. We shall never execute anybody who is mentally retarded (qtd. in Progressive 132). This quote made by President George W. Bush shows that the debate of whether or not mentally retarded criminals should be up for execution continues today. Before 2002, 36 states had prohibited the use of capital punishment on mentally retarded defendants. In June of 2002, the supreme court issued a ruling, ending the execution of those with intellectual disabilities. Although this may sound like good news, it still is not nearly enough. Regulations for states classification of an intellectual disabled person include a significantly limited amount of functioning and behavior, and some states include that the defendant must have an IQ below 65 to be considered mentally retarded. These limitations may prevent some executions for mentally slow people, but certainly not all. One of the most nationwide known cases of this involved Virginias Earl Washington. In 1983, Washington, having an IQ of 69, was convinced by police that he was guilty of the rape and murder of a Virginia woman. After confessing he was sentenced to execution. In 2000, just days before his execution date, Earl was pronounced innocent and released from prison ( Intellectual Disability). This is just one of the many examples of unknown injustices that occur when mentally slow persons are available to receive the death penalty, no matter what their IQ is. It is believed that there are still over 600 people on death row that can be considered in some way, mentally retarded ( Ross 84). Capital punishment in the United States has numerous problems that hurts the justice system immensely. While real criminals are executed and taken off the street, the pros of execution do not outweigh the disadvantages of it. Cost, exoneration, time spent on death row, and the fact that capital punishment does not deter murder are all major issues that need to be understood so that people fully understand why the death penalty should be abolished. The extra money spent on the death penalty could be spent on other means of achieving justice and making the community safer: compensation for victims, better lighting in crime areas, more police on streets, or longer periods of incarceration for certain offenders ( Friedman 12). Cost is a big issue when it comes to the choice between capital punishment or keeping a criminal behind bars for life. Many believe that execution saves the country a great deal of money. It actually is the exact opposite, causing states such as Florida and Indiana an extra forty million dollars on executions annually for each state. The average cost of an execution in the United States ranges anywhere from 2-5 million dollars. This includes the time spent on death row, plus the execution itself. The cost to keep a criminal in prison until death is around $760,000. This surprises many individuals and knowing more information on the death penalty may changes the Capital Punishment views of Americans ( Fagan) . The United States is known for being the most active state when it comes to executions. Those who believe this statement are absolutely correct, because the United States has more death row inmates than any other country in the world ( American Civil Liberties Union 126). All of these people on death row also spend an incredibly long time on death row, which is a main reason that the cost of an execution is so much. In most cases, a death row inmate will spend 10-20 years on average in prison before they are executed. This is due to several things. One is that the government wants to be absolutely sure that the criminal is guilty as charged, even though innocent people have still been executed. Another reason is the numerous appeals that these possibly innocent people file, trying to convince others of their innocence. These issues are important in showing that death row is full of inmates for years, where instead, the inmates could be at normal prisons serving a life sentence ( Frie dman 11). In August of 1993, Ruben Cantu of Texas was executed on charges of robbery and homicide. Later, new evidence, as well as a signed statement by the confessed murder, proved Cantus innocence. Many death row inmates have been exonerated through the history of Capital Punishment, and Ruben Cantu is one of many who have been wrongly executed. Another case involved Frank Lee Smith, who was convicted of raping and murdering an eight-year-old girl. Smith spend fourteen years on death row and died of cancer. It was later proven that he was innocent of all charges. Since 1989, there have been more than 180 post conviction exonerations, thanks to the use of DNA technology. The average person who has been exonerated in one of the 31 states where they have occurred has wrongfully spent twelve years behind bars ( Friedman 21). That is more than 180 too many, and not one of those wrongful convictions was necessary.

Supply Chain Strategy Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Strategy Essay What recent changes have caused supply chain management to gain importance? 2. With so much productive capacity and room for expansion in the United States, why would a company based in the United States choose to purchase items from foreign firm? Discuss the pros and cons. The use of foreign firms can provide a U. S. firm more alternatives in selecting a supplier. The pros are more choices, potentially reduced costs in the areas of materials, transportation, production, and distribution, and potentially moving closer to a foreign market. The cons are the distance is generally increased, communications problems are increased due to distance, culture, and technology. There may be problems with customs, government regulations, political stability, etc. 3. Describe the differences between functional and innovative products. Functional products are staples that people buy in a wide range of retail outlets. Typically, they do not change much over time, have low profit margins, stable predictable demand and long life cycles. Innovative products, on the other hand, give customers additional reasons to buy. Fashionable clothes and personal computers are examples of innovative products. Innovative products have short life cycles, high profit margins, and volatile demand. 4. What are characteristics of efficient, responsive, risk-hedging and agile supply chains? Can a supply chain be both efficient and responsive? Risk-hedging and Agile? Why or Why not? As a supplier, which factors would you consider about a buyer (your potential customer) to be important in setting up a long-term relationship? The financial stability and credit worthiness of the company is of primary importance. The reputation of the company visavis their supplier is also very important. For example, is this a company that is fair with its suppliers and honors its payables in a timely fashion? Is the technological match between supplier and customer sufficient? Will delivery schedules and quantities be stable, facilitating smooth operations? For the value density example in Exhibit 10. 9, what would the effect be if a competing firm offers you a similar service for 10 percent less than Federal Express’s rates? 7. What are the advantages of using the postponement strategy? Process postponement delays the process step that differentiate the product to as late in the supply chain as possible. The advantages of this approach are that lower levels of inventory, and fewer models are needed to match customer requirements. This results in higher levels of customer satisfaction at a lower cost.

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife While I was on my first placement in semester one as a student midwife, I met many pregnant women, both within the community and in the hospital with different cultural backgrounds. For this essay which is a reflective essay, I have chosen to write about a pregnant lady and, in order to protect her confidentiality, according to the Nursing and Midwiferys Code of Conduct (NMC 2008), I will refer to her as Zara. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle. This encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience and an action plan to examine what to be done if the situation arose again. Description of the event: My placement at the time was on the midwifery led unit in the hospital of my Trust, and on the day in question, I was on an early shift and, when I arrived, my mentor and I went in to Zaras room and introduced ourselves. Zara was in pain and her husband was also present in the room. My mentor tried to placate her down by talking to her but, because Zara did not understand English, she looked more worried and was looking at her husband to explain it to her. Her husband did not understand much either so my mentor suggested a translator but they refused it. We took her notes away, went in to the office and read through them so that we could plan her care according to her needs. Zara was in her early thirties and unemployed. This was her twelfth pregnancy, she has had six miscarriages, two stillbirths and three live children. All of her births were done by caesarean section including this one .This was because Zara was unable to give birth naturally due to her being a victim of female ge nital mutilation (FGM). They were also requesting female only care providers and doctors due to them being Muslims. Zara had also not attended many of her antenatal appointments because according to Currer (1991) antenatal care among Muslim mothers was not seeing important they view pregnancy as a normal condition. Prior taking Zara into the theatre to have her caesarean, my mentor explained the procedure to the husband and he translated to the wife. They signed all the relevant papers but Zara looked worried. I could tell they did not understand everything but to my surprise, they did not ask any questions, but they did not want a translator. After a while the anaesthetist came to give Zara the epidural, and it was a male. As soon as Zaras husband saw that, he placed his hand on Zaras shoulder and did not want it to let go. The staff was becoming very annoyed and frustrated because they kept telling him do not put your hand there, the procedure of the epidural has to be 100% sterile but he did not understand that. I stepped in because I still remembered when I had to learn English and I knew the word choice was difficult for them and it has to be relevant to their knowledge of English. I said to Zaras husband no hand, bacteria, no good for Zara and I was also demonstrated it with my hands and face. He understood and said ok but I could still see that he was not comfortable. Finally the anaesthetist got the epidural in and we took Zara to theatre to deliver her baby along with her husband. When arriving to theatre, I tried to catheterise Zara but could not do it due to her genital area being completely sawn up, so the doctor had to intervene. Zaras husband was standing by her legs and the staff tried to move him to top of the bed but said that he wanted to see what we were doing to Zara and that he was going to stay there. After a long discussion and explanations, he finally moved. Zara and baby were being monitored and by this time the babys heart was not picking up and we had to act fast. The doctor then cut Zaras abdominal to deliver the baby but meconium was gushing out instead. I run to call the paediatrician. The baby was floppy and there were no sign of life. Zara was asking why the baby was not crying and the husband looked very worried. Reassured them and explain ed that, when babies are born in meconium, they will need extra care and attention. The baby was now on the resuscitaire and the doctors was doing all they could to take out the meconium from the babys mouth and nose, and rubbing the baby to promote. After a little while, the baby started to cry and we all let a relieved breath out. I took the baby and showed it to the parents and explained that the baby had to go to special care unit to ensure that everything was fine. Zara was doing well, and after a couple hours we transferred her and her husband to the postnatal ward. Feelings: In this paragraph, I will discuss my feelings and thinking surrounding Zaras situation and the care she received from the medical staff. I empathized with Zara and her husband because they could not speak English, Zara endured many pregnancies and which of some had ended up in miscarriages and stillbirths and was naturally worried about the wellbeing of this baby. Because of Zaras and her husbands limited English and their cultural background, caring for them was more difficult and the medical staff was getting very impatient and irritated with them. I knew I could help both the staff and Zara and her husband. I tried to build up a good relationship with them by doing a proper introduction of myself, where I was from and to try to put them at ease. I still remember how difficult it was being in a new country with different cultures. My first attempt was to ask if necessary, whether it will be acceptable if the doctor were male and I explained the procedure in a way they could underst and, I was acting as an intermediary between them and the medical staff throughout. I did not speak their language but because I was explaining as simply as possible, they became very comfortable with me and trusted me. I really felt useful and helpful as they responded to me as I put myself in their shoes and remembered how it was when I was new in this country. According to Wold (2004) the empathetic listening is in relation to the willingness to know the other individual not just judging the persons statement. I then stood by Zaras bed and when needed, I used some facial expressions and hand gestures which could be translated to if she were still feeling pain in her tummy and if felt sensation in her legs. I was also using simple words. She looked at me and smiled and point where she could still feel. I was unsure whether to continue or not because I felt the medical staff might think I was not being professional, but according to Funnell et al, (2005) body gestures and facial ex pressions are referred as a non-verbal communicating. So I continued because I knew that would help Zaras family. The language and cultural barrier affected the care Zara was receiving because the staff was not communicating with them and did not appreciate that good explanation were essential for this family with their particular circumstances of limited English and understanding. During the procedure, I stayed by Zara and kept my eye contact with her because according to Wilma (1999) direct eye contact could express a sense of interest in the other person. Zara was holding my hands and I was updating her whenever she was asking for it. Evaluation: I feel I made the right decision to accompany Zara. Furthermore, I could develop my caring role for clients by understanding that they all will have different needs and will require different care. I think my approach with Zara and her husband was a good approach. The staff and Zara did benefit from my effort. It was also my responsibility to care for her so that she was getting the best care and understood what was done to her. I was able to improve my non-verbal communication skills in my conversation with Zara and her husband during my time with them and I know they were now getting the necessary information that they wanted and needed in this challenging situation. According to OHagan (2001) issues such as cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence had no place in the training of care professionals. To enable this vision to be implemented, it is significant that health care professionals have the adequate educational preparation to provide culturally sensitive care to those who have a diversity of health beliefs and practices (Aziz et al. 2000). Promoting cultural awareness among health care professionals is believed to improve their confidence and skills in providing holistic care for patients with different cultural backgrounds Also, culturally sensitive attitudes and practices, rather than simple knowledge, are likely to contribute much toward achieving the ultimate goal of providing quality care to the patients and their families. (Murphy Clark, 1993, cited Zafir 2002). There are many implications that should be well thought-out when caring for Muslim patients. All procedures, decisions and judgments must to be family orientated and culturally derived. Religious and cultural frameworks give the most complete and holistic perspective for caring and understanding the patient population of Muslim denomination. Practices need to take into account the care constructs of presence, participation and support. In addition, the policies and philosophies of the hospitals and other institutions needs to reflect the cultural practices related the specific care, communication and spirituality. Also, where language is a problem, it is important to have access to interpreters in order to provide culturally competent care for Muslims. Secondly, there are differences in the cultural and psychosocial forms of expression of the Muslim patients and their families and those of the caress. The process of reflection and clinical supervision could assist care givers in identifying their own cultural barriers, stereotyping, and ethnocentricity, thus, ultimately impr oving care. Finally, the management should continually assess whether the staff have the appropriate knowledge and skills to handle the particular ethical situations involved in caring for the patient and his/her family of Muslim denomination and, with the aim of reducing emotional labour, provide a mechanism, which would assist the staff in becoming more competent. Halligan (2005) Zara was also a victim of FGM which is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO 2006) as procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia and or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons. Zara had Type IV which includes pricking, incising or piercing of the external genitalia, stretching of the clitoris and or labia, cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue or any other procedure that is performed to cause vaginal narrowing or tightening, and this was why she could not give birth naturally. According to the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE 2008) guidelines suggest that women who have experienced FGM should be identified early in the antenatal period through sensitive enquiry. I read through Zaras note but it was not recorded that she was a victim of FGM and the special care that she needed was not given. Analysis: My communication skills were very important when I was providing care for Zara. I noticed that my non-verbal communication skills helped enormously while caring for Zara. She could understand a few words when I was asking her questions but the lack of language hindered good communication. As the patient was not using her first or second language, I tried to communicate in a way she could understand. I still could manage to communicate in a way the other staff members could not because they had not the knowledge how to communicate with someone that does not speak English. White (2005) recommended that a care provider should learn a few words or phrases in the predominant second language to put a patient at ease for better understanding. Although, it was quite difficult to demonstrate certain things, Zara managed to understand and she was answering me by nodding her head when she was understood and also by her body gestures and her eye movement. Zaras husband was also asking me questio ns that I had to make the staff aware of According to Zafir et al (2000), Muslim patients should have a healthcare provider of the same sex. Exposure of the patients body parts should be limited to the minimum necessary, and permission should be asked before gently uncovering any part of the body. Even more care should be taken when exposing private parts, and attempts should be made to avoid such exposures unless absolutely nec ­essary. Zaras husband did ask for a female doctor but his request was declined because the ward was very busy and it was not possible. I think if this had been included her birth plan, it would have been arranged for them Zara and her husband may have felt discriminated .If communication is a problem for one or both parties in an exchange, they will have an interest in improving it In Zaras case, the lack of time, did not permitted this. Discrimination is usually due to miscommunication however this should be lower in hospitals especially when the relationship between the medical staff and patien ts has been sustained for a longer period. Furthermore, the gap will be even more difficult to bridge since learning and communication are can be more costly for the hospital such as when providing a translator. Balsa et al (2003) Conclusion: Writing this reflection has made me aware of my approach to car for clients who have language difficulties and have a different cultural background. Zara needed a lot of support and personalised care. It was vital to deliver this baby in a good condition due to her previous stillbirths and also, it was important to recognise that Zara and her husband came form a different culture and their values and belief were different to us. The beliefs and practices of Islamic patients may have an effect on the patients health care in ways that are not apparent to many health-care professionals and policy makers internationally. Intercultural misconceptions and misunderstandings of many healthcare professionals have potential consequences. Therefore, health-care professionals need to be better equipped to meet the needs of their patients and Interpreter should always be available when knowing the patient does not understand. Halligan (2005). Action Plan: My plan for my future role as a midwife, if I ever come across a client like Zara who was not speaking English, had dramatic birth experience and had different cultural background, I would know how to deal with it. I would prepare my self better, I would try to learn some word in her language and doing some reading regarding her culture and write down her expectations. I know that communication is a very important part to build up a good relationship. According to Payne (2007) communication and information provision play key roles in determining whether people engage in recommended health behaviors and whether the behaviors have a positive outcome. Health communicators may want to achieve any of a number of goals, including providing information, instruction or reassurance, influencing opinions and attitudes, and changing behavior. So an excellent communication is necessary in order to identify the patients wellbeing. I should not pre-judge my client by first assumption and impressio ns but I have to make her feel appreciated as an individual. I have also learned the importance of listening because when I was listening to Zara, I was watching her gestures as the same time, even though I did not understand when she was talking, I could read her gestures. I should also able to respect their basic principles, beliefs, culture and individual means of communication. In conclusion: I have used Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle as my support for this essay and I was able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle. REFRENCES: Ana I. Balsa a, Thomas G. McGuireb. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping. Journal of Health Economics. 22, 89-116. Aziz S. Abdul R. G. (2000). Caring for Muslim Patients. Radcliffe Medical Press Limited, Oxford. Currer, C (1991). Understanding the mothers viewpoint. Buckingham, Open University Press. Funnel, R Koutoukidis, G and Lawrence, K (2005) Tabbners Nursing Care 4E: Theory Practice, Australia: Churchill Livingstone. Gibbs G. (1988). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Halligan, Phil, (July 2005) Caring for patients of Islamic denomination School of Nursing Midwifery and Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, August, 2008) FGM, F Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) the Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives OHagan, Kieran. (2001). Cultural competence in the caring professions. London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher Payne, S (2007) Psychology for Nurses and the Caring Professions 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill White, L (2005) Foundation of Basic Nursing 2nd ed. USA: Thomson Delmar Learning. Wilma M.C.M. Kerkstra, Ada Bensing, Jozien M, Caris-Verhallen. (1999) Non-verbal behavior in nurse-elderly patient communication. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29(4), 808-818 Wold, G.H. (2005) Foundation of Basic Nursing. 3rd ed. USA: Mosby. World Health organization ( WHO2006) New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth, Published in The Lancet Zafir al-Shahri. (2002). Culturally Sensitive Caring, Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 13, 133.

1960-1970 Essay -- Essays Papers

1960-1970 During the 1960s the United States was going through a lot of social changes. One of the major trends was the widespread use of illicit drugs. The most common drugs used were hallucinogens, marijuana and LSD. Two men, Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey, were known as "the so-called acid gurus" of the sixties. They helped gain the recognition of LSD seemingly overnight. Leary and Kesey made very public exploitations and wrote many books to explain and vilify this phenomenon. It all happened so suddenly and soon after young men were wearing long hair and growing beards and the women dressed like peasants and wearing psychedelic colors. All of them dirty, drugged and carefree. They were known as hippies. Being a hippie was the primary trend of the sixties but to elders it was frightening and mystifying. Rock music became the most important way to unite the new hippie aesthetic. Brilliant colors and hallucinogenic imagery emerged from the music and was called psychedelic. Bob Dylan, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane among others were the first bands to jump into the psychedelic bandwagon in the sixties. In 1969, Woodstock, a music festival full of peace and happiness united over 450,000 people, causing numerous problems for the crowd. In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president. But Kennedy’s term came to a short and devastating end. On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas and Lyndon Johnson took over. During the sixties the Vietnam War was escalating and was the focus of many of the major protests. On January 30, 1968, "the North Vietnam army overran Saigon, making a daring predawn attack on the United States Embassy". There were more than 57,000 U.S soldiers killed i... ...t discrimination. Brooks used her poems to make a stand for her right to be equal as a black women in a white world. The University of Dayton in the 1960s under went a lot of changes. The president of the University was Raymond A. Roesch who later had the Roesch Library built in his honor. During the 1963-64 school year John F. Kennedy Memorial Union was complete and construction began on Albert Emanuel Library. In 1966, Chaminade Hall was exclusively used for one domain of school, Education. Gosiger Health Center was also completed in the winter of 1966. As for sports, John McVay took control over UD’s football team and reversed their losing streak. Tuition at UD was about $500 a term and increased about $5 dollars every year. To date, University of Dayton has become an extremely prominent university after all the hard work to complete the school.

Housing Meaning Essays -- Literary Analysis, Howards End, Forrester

In Howards End by E.M. Forester, the house Howards End has central meaning to the story as each character has a different meaning for the property. To understand this meaning better using the other homes in the story to describe how each house is different from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place compared to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of them. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonard’s Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explain how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the evidence will show that Howards End being in the middle of it all is import ant to the development of the story. With comparing the character’s feelings to that of Wickham Place to Howards End aspects such as emotional attachment, events that occurred there and the class each place carries with it. With emotion in play Wickham Place hold a dear meaning to those of the Schlegal family for many reasons. As stated in the beginnings of the book the Schlegal’s see Wickham Place as the Wilcox see Howards End as and ancestral home. Although as Margaret thought about the Wilcox’s in that, â€Å"The Wilcoxes continued to play a considerable part in her †¦ when it takes all sorts to make a world?†(Forester 12). This to Margaret is what the Wilcoxes stand for – the "grit" and practicality of the real world. While the Schlegels live in their equall... ...t from Howards End by using their importance to branch from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of each other. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes the Wilcoxes live in. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonard’s Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explaining how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the along side the Forster explanation it is clear that Howards End is the core to which all the other homes branch from and make the story flow.

The Individual and the Court System Essay -- essays research papers f

The Individual and the Court System - Essay The Australian jury trial system is said to have many merits and defects, and as Winston Churchill once said about democracy the Australian jury system is â€Å"not a perfect system, it is just the least worst of all the others†. In analysing the system several major strengths can be seen, but many weaknesses can be found also. It is a matter of great interest in the general community and many people have written on it, ranging from past jurors to university students. Some of the main strengths seen are that juries have established philosophical and historical importance within our community. The jury system is a centuries old tradition of our legal system and in the eyes of the community it remains a vital expression of the importance of justice being adjudicated upon by ordinary citizens. Without a jury system, it is claimed that the liberties of individuals would be adjudicated upon by unrepresentative experts who would further remove the workings of the legal system from those it is meant to serve in the wider community. It is also seen that the random selections of jury members from a cross section of society ensures that the law remains adjudicated upon by a representative sample of society who can reflect the values of the community they serve. In recent years it is argued that juries have effectively expressed community attitudes on diverse matters including passive smoking, reckless drunk driving and self defense claims in murder trials b y women who had suffered repeated physical and mental abuse. The existence of a jury means that lawyers must ensure that their cases are presented in a way that enables community understanding of important issues and principles. Without a jury it is argued the evolution of the principles of our legal system would become increasingly complex and removed from the understanding of the community. In general the community is more likely to have confidence in the decision of a representative group of that community than one made by a single judge or a court appointed panel of experts. If the system was removed it would open the adjudication process of civil and criminal trials up to the possibility of political or monetary influence - the jury is a vital institution for ensuring that 'open courts' remain truly open to public scrutiny. It is also argued by some that 'in diversity... ... and feeling it limited their ability to absorb evidence. "They felt that the barristers hadn't given them information that they required through the evidence," One juror mentioned that "It was a bit like being thrown pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and there were pieces that were missing and they had to fill those pieces with their own experience". It is arguable which side holds more sway, while it seems that the majority of published reports deal with the defects of the system there are a number of reasons for it's continuation. This seems to fate that it unlikely to be abolished entirely in either civil or criminal courts. It seems to me that any changes that are to be made will be focused on the need for specialised jurors and the ability for civil juries to award damages. As crimes become increasingly more complex it seems that changes will need to be made to the system but it will be a heatedly debated subject when it's change is made. Bibliography Structures and Systems, Willmott. J and Dowse. J, 2001, Western Australia, Politics Law Publishing Bulletin with Newsweek, 7/6/2004, Vol. 122 Issue 6428, p22, 4p www.ebsco.com - Jury Problems

Food security Essay

Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unques? onably the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. It also contributes a signi? cant ? gure to the Gross Domes? c Product (GDP). Sustainable agriculture, in terms of food security, rural employment, and environmentally sustainable technologies such as soil conserva? on, sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity protec? on, are essen? al for holis? c rural development. Indian agriculture and allied ac? vi? es have witnessed a green revolu? on, a white revolu? on, a yellow revolu?on and a blue revolu? on Food security is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food. Concerns over food security have existed throughout history. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), food security â€Å"exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life†. Ensuring food security ought to be an issue of great importance for a country like India where more than one-third of the population is estimated to be absolutely poor and one-half of all children malnourished in one way or another. There have been many emerging issues in the context of food security in India in the last two decades. These are: (i) economic liberalization in the 1990s and its impact on agriculture and food security; (ii) establishment of WTO: particularly the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under it; (iii) challenges of climate change; crisis of the three Fs, viz. , food prices, fuel prices, and financial crisis; (iv) the phenomenon of hunger amidst plenty, i. e. , accumulation of stocks in the early years of this decade and in 2008-09 along with high levels of poverty; (v)introduction of targeting in the Public Distribution System (PDS) for the first time in the 1990s; (vi). ‘Right to Food’ campaign for improving food security in the country and the Supreme Court Orders on mid-day meal schemes; (vii) proposal for National Food Security Law (Right to Food); These developments in the last two decades have provided both opportunities and challenges for food and nutrition security of the country. It may be noted that the slowdown in agriculture growth could be attributed to structural factors on the supply side, such as public investment, credit, technology, land and water management, etc., rather than globalization and trade reforms per se. There are six deficits in Indian agriculture. These are: (i) investment, credit, and infrastructure deficit; (ii) land and water management deficit; (iii) research and extension (technology) deficit; (iv) market deficit; (v) diversification deficit; and (vi) institutions deficit. Reforms are needed to reduce these deficits in order to achieve the following goals of agriculture: (i) 4 per cent growth in agriculture; (ii) equity in terms of higher growth in lagging regions, small and marginal farmers, and women; and (iii) sustainability. India has government programmes such as TPDS including AAY, nutrition programmes like mid-day meals, ICDS, etc. to improve food and nutrition security. NREGS and self-employment programmes can also increase access to food and nutrition. Social protection programmes in India have helped in improving incomes as well as I providing protection to the population, especially to the poor, from shocks in the economy. However, there are lots of gaps and inefficiencies in the social protection programmes. India has many policies and programmes. However, food insecurity and malnutrition continue to be high. The problem is with both design and implementation of the programmes. The focus of reforms can now be shifted to more efficient delivery systems of public services. It has been recognized that better governance is very important for effective functioning of food-based programmes. Social mobilization, community participation and decentralized approach are necessary in this context. It may, however, to be noted that governance has to be contextualized in relation to the socio-economic environment. Appropriate institutions are needed for better implementation of policies and programmes.

My Life as a High School Student

My name is Mercedez JaNae Jordan and I am from Chicago. I am a very outgoing and passionate. I have been through a lot of obstacles in my life. I am taking this class to graduate on time and move forward in my life pursue my dream today. When I was little I my brother was almost kidnapped was a surreal and life learning. When I seen my brother being taken I was little but I still ran to save him. It thought me that you can never be too sure of a person and to always be careful who you invite into your life. When I was about seven my mother and my father divorced and it hurt a lot of people and me of course. That taught me that nothing last forever also love isn’t always true happiness. When I seen my father leave the feeling was bitter sweet because my mom was relieved and you could see her happiness in a long time but also because my father was no longer there to lean on. The last life surprise was my brother moving to California when I was like 13, I was so close to my brother it was sad to see him leave but it was the best for him. My brother needed a new start because he didn’t understand the value of him mistakes but he was my best friend so he no longer in my life was so surreal. I have seen a lot of things in my life that a lot of people will never see in theirs. I am 18 years old and have a lot of hopes and dreams and plan to accomplish every single one of them.

Effective Classroom Management Essay

– Some guiding principles in classroom management and their implications to teaching. – According to James H. Stronge in his book â€Å"Qualities of Effective Teachers†, some guiding principles in classroom management are the following: †¢Consistent, proactive discipline is the crux of effective classroom management. †¢Inside the classroom, we could always expect some disciplinary problems, but some teacher could immediately handle the said problems. Instead of formulating immediate medicine for the behavioral problems, the teacher should focus on how to prevent these predicaments to occur. As much as possible, lets avoid dilemmas because it’s too pathetic for us to cry over spilled milk. †¢Establish routines for all daily tasks and needs. †¢To avoid turmoil inside the classroom, the teacher must ascertain routines from the start of the class, up to the class dismissal. This could also help a lot in saving much time and effort because their work is already in routine. †¢Orchestrate smooth transitions and continuity of momentum throughout the day. †¢As much as possible, the teacher must avoid dull moments inside the classroom to motivate the students to always pay attention to the speaker. The teacher must scheme smooth transitions of activities inside and outside the classroom throughout the day. †¢Strike a balance variety and challenge in students’ activities in the classroom. †¢There should be a variation of activities inside the classroom to avoid the students and even the teacher from being bored. †¢As classroom manager, be aware of all actions and activities in the classroom. †¢Even if the teacher is not around, she is still responsible for the students. That is why she must know the things that are happening inside the classroom and what her students are up to. †¢Resolve minor inattention and disruption before they became major disruptions. †¢Disruptions seem to be part in every classroom and in every lesson. No matter how big or small the hitch is, it could still give so much distraction not only to the teacher, but foremost to the students. That is why, if the disruption is still controllable, the teacher must try to stop it before it becomes too late for her to control the situation, and worse, it could spoil the whole transition of the lesson inside the classroom. †¢Reinforce positive behavior. †¢To motivate the students to always do the good and right thing, the teacher should always pay even the simplest compliments in her students’ actions especially to the appreciating ones. †¢Treat minor disturbances calmly. †¢If a simple rising of the voice could control the simple problem, then do it. There’s no need for you to be hysterical and over-react on something that’s just under control. †¢Work out a physical arrangement of chairs that facilitates an interactive teaching-learning process. †¢Some teachers change seating arrangement quarterly. This is to enhance interactions between the teachers and students. †¢Make good use of every instructional moment. Minimize discipline time to maximize instructional time.

Cauti

Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections Editor’s note: The following is adapted from HCPro’s new book Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: Build an Evidence-Based Program to Improve Patient Outcomes. For more information on this book or any other in our library, visit www. hcmarketplace. com. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common of all hospital-acquired conditions (HACs).Eighty percent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) result from indwelling urinary catheters, and 12%–16% of patients admitted to acute care hospitals may have indwelling urinary catheters at some point during their stay. One of the best ways to reduce the risk of CAUTI is to reduce the use of catheters. So as the organization begins its journey, it must decide which patients truly need indwelling urinary catheters. Which patient populations with which diagnoses or conditions meet criteria for insertion? How can the organizati on reduce the use of catheters?Are both male and female urinals readily available for patients with urinary incontinence? Does the organization have the capability to perform noninvasive bladder scanning to assess post-void residuals? Are there patients who are candidates for intermittent catheterization to manage urinary retention and bladder drainage? These types of questions need to be considered when decisions are made to insert an indwelling urinary catheter to provide bladder drainage. The most effective method for eliminating hospital-acquired CAUTIs is prevention as a result of decreasing the use of indwelling urinary catheters (Robinson et al. 2007). The next best method to reduce infections in patients who meet the conditions for catheter placement is to limit catheter days by evaluating the reasons for continuing the catheter on a daily basis and removing the catheter at the moment patients no longer meet criteria (Saint et al. , 2000; Munasinghe et al. , 2001). Develop a prevention plan When patients do require indwelling urinary catheters, constantly evaluate the need for use and identify other methods for managing bladder drainage whenever possible.Developing a prevention plan for your organization will outline steps for physicians and nurses to use in making these important clinical decisions. The prevention plan must include tools to guide clinicians’ decision-making regarding the insertion, care, and continuation of indwelling urinary catheters to ensure prevention of CAUTIs in patients admitted for inpatient care. An example of these essential tools is an algorithm for making decisions regarding the insertion, continuation, and removal of urinary catheters and a means of routinely assessing and documenting continued need for the catheter on a daily basis.In addition, evidence-based care must be provided to patients requiring continued catheter use, so a CAUTI bundle is also an essential CAUTI prevention tool for clinicians. Assess pati ents at admission As patients enter your organization, assessments and appropriate actions should be taken regarding patients who are symptomatic for UTIs. Having the appropriate tests completed to be able to document that the patient’s UTI was present on admission (POA) helps save the organization from being held accountable for a CAUTI in cases where the patient presents with a catheter in place or requires catheter placement shortly after admission.Detailed assessments of patients by their nurses during the admission process must be carefully partnered with, and supported by, physician documentation to determine whether a patient’s UTI preceded placement of the urinary catheter and was POA or whether the infection was acquired as a result of the hospital admission and is then considered an HAC. POA conditions are determined with the following criteria: †¢ There must be clear differentiation in the presence of diagnosis/condition at time of admission or developm ent of the problem after admission. †¢ Physician documentation of the condition must exist in the patient’s medical record.If POA, it must be documented concurrently with the physician’s admission orders. †¢ Primary responsibility for complete and accurate documentation lies with the physician/licensed independent practitioner. †¢ Any incomplete documentation requires provider clarification. Identify risk factors Physicians and nurses must work closely as a team to identify patients at high risk for CAUTI and carefully and accurately document findings in patients’ medical records. These intraprofessional team members must also share the opinion that the best means of preventing CAUTIs is to reduce catheter use whenever possible.Starting with comprehensive patient histories on arrival is essential to identify patients’ risk factors for developing a CAUTI or to determine whether they already have a UTI on admission. According to current findi ngs in the literature and a record review of patients with CAUTI, the following are risk factors (Lo et al. , 2008): †¢ Gender (e. g. , women are more likely to have UTIs than men) †¢ Advanced age †¢ History of urinary tract problems (e. g. , enlarged prostate or urologic surgery) †¢ Neurologic conditions (e. g. , spinal cord injury) causing neurogenic bladder problems †¢ Previous UTIs Previous and/or current abnormal voiding patterns †¢ Current catheter history †¢ Incontinence †¢ Comorbid conditions such as diabetes †¢ Immunosuppression In addition, patient assessments must include documentation of any signs and symptoms of UTIs, including: †¢ A frequent urge to urinate †¢ A painful, burning feeling in the area of the bladder or urethra while urinating †¢ A fullness in the rectum (in men) †¢ Suprapubic tenderness †¢ Passing only a small amount of urine †¢ Cloudy or reddish-colored urine †¢ Fever greater than 100. 3? F (38? C) with or without chills †¢ Incontinence †¢ Pain in the back or sideClinicians should remember that not everyone with a UTI develops signs and symptoms. It is important to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria in these hospitalized patients (Tambyah & Maki, 2000). References Lo, E. , Nicolle, L. , Classen, D. , Arias, K. M. , et al. (2008). â€Å"Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals. † Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29: S41–S50. Munasinghe, R. L. , Yazdani, H. , Siddique, M. , & Hafeez, W. (2001). â€Å"Appropriateness of use of indwelling urinary catheters in patients admitted o the medical service. † Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 22: 647–649. Robinson, S. , Allen, L. , Barnes, M. R. , et al. (2007). â€Å"Development of an evidence-based protocol for reduction of indwelling urinary catheter usage. † MedSurg Nursi ng 16(3): 157–161. Saint, S. , Weise, J. , Armory, J. K. , et al. (2000). â€Å"Are physicians aware of which of their patients have indwelling urinary catheters? † American Journal of Medicine 109: 476–480. Tambyah, P. A. , & Maki, D. G. (2000). â€Å"Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic. † Archives of Internal Medicine 160: 678–687.

A Critical Analysis Of Itc Distribution Channel Marketing Essay

A Critical Analysis Of Itc Distribution Channel Marketing Essay Abstract Distribution channel is having an important role in positioning of the product because we know that distribution channel is tool by which we can make reach our product to the final consumers. That’s why selecting a distribution channel is an important aspect of building a competitive advantage for businesses of every size. Distribution channels include your own direct sales force, retailers, distributors and the Internet. The right distribution channel ensures that customers in different locations around the country, or around the world, can buy your products and get the right level of service from your company. To select the right distribution channel for your business, you need to consider what a channel can offer, including location and reach, skills and resources, management costs and degree of control. This is a project to study, analyze and report the distribution channel of the FMCG giant ITC. The project would take help of various sources of secondary data ab out the organization; it’s functioning in terms of distribution channels it employs and the management of these channels in order to stay competitive and ubiquitous against competition. For that we have reviewed the organization and its product lines on a macro level and critical analysis of distribution channel for a specific product line. In that way we would be able to ascertain what are strength and weaknesses of the given distributions channel. We have also drawn out certain similarities and contrasts between ITC’s and other FMCG’s distributions channel to help us add some recommendations at the end of the report on how the potential of the distribution channel and its efficiency can be improved. Contents Introduction – ITC ITC was incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. As the Company’s ownership progressively Indianised, the name of the Company was changed from Imperial Tobacco Company of Ind ia Limited to India Tobacco Company Limited in 1970 and then to I.T.C. Limited in 1974. In recognition of the Company’s multi-business portfolio encompassing a wide range of businesses – Fast Moving Consumer Goods comprising Foods, Personal Care, Cigarettes and Cigars, Branded Apparel, Education and Stationery Products, Incense Sticks and Safety Matches, Hotels, Paperboards & Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business and Information Technology – the full stops in the Company’s name were removed effective September 18, 2001. The Company now stands rechristened ‘ITC Limited’. Though the first six decades of the Company’s existence were primarily devoted to the growth and consolidation of the Cigarettes and Leaf Tobacco businesses, the Seventies witnessed the beginnings of a corporate transformation that would usher in momentous changes in the life of the Company. Key landmarks in history of ITC limited 1925 – Packaging & Printing Business was set up as a strategic backward integration for ITC’s Cigarettes business 1975 -Launch of Hotels business with the acquisition of a hotel in Chennai which was rechristened ‘ITC-Welcomgroup Hotel Chola’ 1979 – ITC entered the  Paperboards business  by promoting ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Limited 1985 – Surya Tobacco Co. set up in Nepal as an Indo-Nepal and British joint venture.

Intelligence Collection 2 - question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intelligence Collection 2 - question - Essay Example One example of the challenges facing the US HUMINT is the time it takes to find the hiding of Osama Bin Laden. He managed to live for a decade after he masterminded the September 11 attack. Moreover, the HUMINT forces have acted against the US government in Cuba. CIA officers sent in Cuba have allied themselves to the Cuban regime rather than carry out their mandate of espionage for the US interest. Moreover, almost no countries in the world have laws that allow other countries to find, collect and submit information to their countries. It is unlawful, and many American officers have been detained, persecuted and even killed for spying. Therefore, the danger of putting the life of soldiers in the line makes HUMINT method of collecting intelligence a difficult task for the American people. In addition, the advent of technology has eased the ways of collecting intelligence thus addressing the challenges of faced by HUMINT. Mazumdar, Keshav. "INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE: FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE ." RIEAS. http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/1719-intelligence-and-counterintelligence-first-line-of-defence-.html# (accessed June 8,

Biographical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biographical Research - Essay Example Born in 1830 into a well established family in Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily has been one of the most enigmatic and studied literary figures in the English language. As a poet, she is found to be lyrical, innovative for her time and demonstrated a strong sense of knowledge based on her education and readings. The seeds of Emily’s discomfort with social interaction may have been sown early in her life where she spent a lonely childhood at an emotional distance from her parents. This is also reflected in her early poetry where she refers to herself as â€Å"the slightest in her house†, â€Å"starved like a gnat† and â€Å"locked up in prose† (Leiter 4). Emily’s father, Edward Dickinson, was a noted political figure in Massachusetts. Though popular in the community, he was a strict father and family man (Pollak and Noble 27-28). She had an unusual relationship with her father. Though she admired him, she did not feel close to him and felt that her liveliness was suppressed in his presence (Pollak and Noble 28). Emily could also not relate with her mother, Emily Norcross. Emily never felt she could speak to her mother when troubled and later scholars have characterized Norcross as an emotionally unbalanced person, not lucid in her communication and of avera ge intelligence (Leiter 4). A positive angle to this situation, however, was that Emily became more independent in her thinking and analysis of life (Leiter 6) which appeared as a hallmark of her poetry in later years. Her personal reclusiveness, as she grew up into an adult, was not a barrier to her expression which she found by writing a large collection of letters and close to 1800 poems (â€Å"Emily Dickinson†). Her separation from the external world possibly heightened her sense of observation and sensitivity to her surroundings (Pollak and Noble 109). She wrote on diverse topics such as money, religion, and individuality in her work which reflected the developing ethos and

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY Research Paper

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY - Research Paper Example The problem in question arose out of a much older â€Å"war† being fought by the United States (US) lawmakers and administrators: the war on drugs. The attempts to ensure a drug-free world stretch not only to the prohibition on harder substances like (powder and crack) cocaine and heroin, but also to marijuana, which has proven medicinal qualities as a pain reliever. The Mariana Policy Project (MPP), a D.C. based think-tank, describes marijuana prohibition as a resounding failure, and reports that in the US, â€Å"there are more arrests for marijuana possession each year than for all violent crimes combined† (MPP.org). Frivolous incarcerations for marijuana possession and use not only put increasing pressure on prisons and community jails, but also use up precious resources that could otherwise be diverted to other, more useful, areas of public spending. This paper proposes that the existing marijuana policy be repealed and drug legalization takes its place; the followi ng paragraphs shall attempt to substantiate this suggestion. Marijuana or medical cannabis, as mentioned above, has proven medicinal qualities, mostly as a herbal pain reliever, and this fact is what seems to have taken the issue of drug prohibition into a veritable gray area. Due to the high costs of prescription painkillers, many opt to smoke marijuana instead as a cheap alternative; under the current regulations, however, this is unlawful. The arrest of a Seattle resident in July 2008 for marijuana possession incited one news editor to brand the existing legal framework governing the use of marijuana as â€Å"reefer madness† (Ramsey 2008). What confounds this legal framework is the disparity between the laws in certain states vis-à  -vis other states’ and federal laws on the matter. The Controlled Substances Act, a federal statute, deems cannabis as a Schedule I drug, without any expressly known or accepted medicinal value. Therefore, one cannot have an unfettered access to marijuana,